TV. The set of devices, the action of which is aimed at transmitting a moving image and sound at a distance, is television. In everyday life, organizations that are engaged in production, as well as distribute television programs, are designated this way. Television and radio broadcasting are the most massive means for the dissemination of various kinds of information, as well as the main means of communication.
Basic principles of television
At the heart of television is the principle of image transmission, using a radio signal or wires. The TV chain includes several devices:
- a transmitting television camera that converts the image (received through the lens) into a television video signal.
- a telecine projector that converts the "picture" and sound on a film strip into a TV signal, as well as for demonstration of films on television.
- a video tape recorder is necessary for recording and reproducing, as necessary, a video signal generated by a television camera or telecine projector.
- video mixer allows switching among several image sources (camera, VCR, etc.)
- a transmitter that transmits by radio or wire, a high frequency signal simulated by a TV signal
- receiving device - TV. Sync pulses from the video signal help to recreate the television image on the screen.
To make a TV show, use an audio track that is similar to a radio show. Sound is transmitted over a separate frequency, usually using frequency modulation, using a technology similar to FM radio. Digital television operates with multichannel soundtrack, which is transmitted simultaneously with the "picture", in a single data stream.
Television standards and systems
For television broadcasting, its own standard has been adopted. This is the name of the sum of the number of lines into which the frame is decomposed, the frequency of its change, or fields with the type of scan. There are three standards used worldwide for analog and digital television with standard definition. The digital television standard uses digital anamorphic picture, which is adapted to today's 16: 9 screen aspect ratio.
High definition television (HDTV) is replacing traditional standards. HDTV has two main decomposition standards.
A television system is a technique that allows a color message to be encoded. For television with standard definition, three color systems are characteristic: NTSC, PAL, SECAM.
Terrestrial television is a system for transmitting a TV signal to a consumer using television towers and transmitters (range 47-862 MHz). An indoor or outdoor antenna is used to receive the signal.
The method of transmitting a TV signal from a transmitting center to a consumer, which uses artificial satellites for this, located within the Earth's geostationary orbit in space, above the equator, is called satellite television. They have transceiver equipment. This system ensures the transmission of a high-quality TV signal to areas that cannot be covered by the traditional method.
To transmit analogue television via satellite, an encoded or encrypted form is used, in the NTSC, PAL or SECAM standard.
Digital TV signal modulation is carried out using QPSK or 8SPK. Digital television, in particular transmitted by satellites, is based on MPEG, DVB-S, DVB-S2.
Analog television is a system that uses an analog electrical signal to receive, output and transmit images and sound. Before the advent of digital television, analog signals were used that were transmitted by cable or radio. Now, the transfer to digital television is being carried out. By 2015, Russia and China are planning to completely switch to this television.
Digital television has one major advantage. Its picture and sound quality is much higher than that of analog TV. It will also free up a range of radio waves, which will allow you to create a new wireless network.
However, digital television also has its drawbacks. It has a sharp limitation on the area covered by the signal. The reception takes place inside her. However, it is still more than that of analog TV, with the same transmitter power. Another disadvantage of digital television is stopping or unfolding the “picture” into “squares” when the level of the incoming signal is low.
The main standards are DVB (European standard), ATSC (American standard), ISDB (Japanese standard).
The history of the invention of television
Television was not invented by one person. The basis is the discovery of the photoelectric effect in selenium, made in 1873 by Willoughby Smith. Then the invention of the scanning disc (inventor Nipkov), which led to the development of mechanical television. This type of television was popular until World War II.
For the first time in the world, a moving image was transmitted in 1923 by Charles Jenkins, who used mechanical scanning for transmission. The display that he transmitted was silhouette, not containing halftones. The system by which grayscale images were transmitted was invented in 1926.
At that time, there were several mechanical television systems, but none of them could compete with cheaper and more reliable electronic systems.
The patent for the technology of electronic television, which is still in use today, was obtained by Professor Boris Rosing. He was able to transmit a still image over a distance. This experiment was performed in 1911. He needed a cathode-ray tube to reproduce an image; for transmission he used a mechanical scan.
The world's first transmission of an image that was moving was shown in 1928 by B.P. Grabovsky and I.F.Beliansky. Despite the fact that the image was crude and unclear (as the act that captured the result claims), it is this experience that is considered the birth of today's electronic television. The television set that participated in the experiment was called "telephotom".
The invention of the "iconoscope", in 1923 by V. Zvorykin, brought clarity to the image and decided the fate of electronic television. This tube made it possible to organize electronic television broadcasting. The first broadcasts were split into 240 lines. The signal was received at a distance of up to 100 km on TV sets produced by RCA.
The beginning of regular television broadcasting
The first television station WCFL appeared in 1928 in Chicago. A single radio wave range was used to transmit images and sound.
In the Soviet Union, the mechanical television standard (with 30 line resolution and 12.5 frames per second) has existed since 1931. There was no sound transmission. Regular broadcasting began on November 15, 1934 - 12 times a month for 1 hour. In 1938, regular electronic television broadcasting began. The first models of TV sets "VRK" were released.
In Moscow, in 1939, the television center on Shabolovka began broadcasting. In the beginning, the programs were broadcast 4 times a week for 2 hours. The first electronic TV "KVN-49" appeared in the USSR in 1949. In 1950 - the remote control was invented, which was connected with a cable to the TV.
In 1953, color television began broadcasting in the United States.
Recording TV programs on television
Regular commercial television broadcasting began to develop. There was a need to save TV programs in order to broadcast and distribute them later. The first TV stations with the VHF range had a short range. By the mid-50s, radio-relay TV signal transmission lines began to appear, which made it possible to reach a large audience. At the beginning, the technology of motion picture recording was used for recording. After the creation of the first video recorder (1956), it became easier to store TV programs. Today's television broadcasting uses digital technology for video recording and video editing. Today they are an integral part of television.
The popularity of the query "television" in the Yandex search engine
Television is very popular all over the world, so users of the Yandex search engine entered the query "television" 1 428 108 times a month.
Yandex.News was mentioned 13,938 times in the media and news agencies.
It is precisely on television that politicians from Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and other countries of the CIS, the European Union, the United States and others enter into appeals. It is on television that you can see many stars of show business (Philip, Kirkorov, Alla Pugacheva, Anastasia Volochkova, Nikolai Basque, etc.) and stars of real-life shows (Dom-2, Holidays in Mexico, Battle of psychics, etc.).
Along with the query "television", users search for:
- TV online - 301789
- digital television - 239744
- satellite TV - 139802
- watch television - 124878
- cable TV - 119337
- free television - 104935
- free television - 104874
- watch television online - 99353
Today, there are several ways to transmit a television signal, including Internet television, satellite, cable and terrestrial. Let's talk in more detail about each of these types of television, analyze their advantages and disadvantages.
Analog and digital TV
Initially, television was spread using the analog data transmission method, which led to a significant deterioration in image quality. Among other things, the possibilities for receiving such television were significantly limited. However, already in the nineties of the last century, digital TV appeared, which significantly expanded the possibilities for transmitting video and audio signals. Of the advantages of such digital TV, we note the excellent image quality, which will be appreciated by the owners of large TVs.
What is cable TV
Cable TV operators appeared at the end of the last century and gained great popularity in the market. As the name suggests, such television is transmitted over cable, and the providers themselves include various thematic channels, including entertainment, sports, film and information. Cable TV can be offered on a paid or free basis.
If we talk about the advantages of such cable television, we can note the maximum possible choice of channels, as well as the ability to choose a package of TV channels that will fully satisfy your needs. All television is broadcasted via cable in digital format, which ensures image quality and maximum realism of the picture.
What is satellite TV
Satellite television first appeared in the eighties of the last century, but this technology received its greatest distribution already in the XX century. The technology for such satellite television is extremely simple. In low-earth orbit there are numerous telecommunication satellites broadcasting a signal over the air, which is received by subscribers using special antennas, and then the data is decoded and displayed on the TV screen.
Today satellite television is offered on a paid and free basis. Its advantage is the widest possible choice of TV channels, as well as excellent picture quality. Regardless of your preferences, it will be possible to choose such a variant of the offer package that will fully meet your needs. At the same time, if previously the cost of such equipment for receiving satellite television was extremely high, today you can easily pick up inexpensive options for receivers and antennas that will be available to every customer.
What is interactive television
With the development of the Internet and fiber-optic high-speed data transmission, interactive television has gained popularity, which allows you to watch various programs that are interesting for you on the TV screen, while you can rewind and record TV programs. Today, interactive television is offered to subscribers at affordable prices, while everyone will be able to choose interesting options for offer packages for themselves, so the cost of such a TV is not too high.
What is ip television
Also, today IP television has become widespread, which allows you to view various TV channels on the screen of a mobile phone, computer or TV. Such an opportunity has appeared thanks to the development of high-speed Internet access. Such ip-TV is offered today at affordable prices, while there is a choice of free channels, including thematic offer packages.
If we talk about the advantages of such IP television, then we can note the excellent image quality and the ability to select TV channels that will be of interest to every homeowner. However, it should be borne in mind that for comfortable viewing of such programs, you must have high-speed Internet access, and television itself is offered in most cases on a paid basis.
What is terrestrial television
Terrestrial television is distributed by means of appropriate repeater stations located on the ground. Today this type of television is most widespread in Russia. To receive such terrestrial television, you must have an appropriate active or passive antenna, digital decoder and TV.
Currently, terrestrial television is completely switching over to digital broadcasting, which makes it possible to provide the highest possible image quality. The offer of TV channels has also significantly expanded, which for many domestic operators exceeds several hundred different all-Russian, foreign and regional channels. Everyone will be able to choose the best option for him to offer such terrestrial television, which can be distributed both free of charge and for a small additional fee.
The types of modern televisions and their typical classification according to certain criteria are quite diverse. Therefore, when deciding to buy new television equipment, many consumers face selection difficulties. After all, this is a complex device that is purchased for a long time, therefore, it must have a high degree of reliability. Choosing this type of device, I want it to have an up-to-date set of necessary functions and high technical equipment in a few years. In order to have the necessary parameters and optimal functionality, it is important to understand the difference between the types of TVs.
There is no specific generally accepted classification of these devices. Most often, experts subdivide TVs according to:
- technologies with the help of which the image is built on the screen;
- functional features of the device;
- opportunities.
TV imaging technologies
This group of TVs is divided into five types:
- picture tubes;
- projection;
- plasma;
- liquid crystal;
- thin OLED.
CRT TVs
Although today it is unlikely that such devices will be found in stores, they still function in many homes. CRT technology was widely used in the 90s - 2000s. The advantages of CRT equipment include:
- budget price (compared to modern devices);
- the possibility of repair;
- wide viewing angle;
- natural colors;
- long service life.
Disadvantages of TVs based on cathode ray tubes:
- impossibility of broadcasting digital broadcasting(many models do not even provide);
- large size and weight;
- distortion of the image;
- consume more electricity compared to modern models;
- limited functionality.
CRT technology has been studied and developed to the limit.
Projection TVs
They are based on an optical system that projects a small picture onto the main screen (RPTV). There are two types:
- based on cathode ray tubes;
- based on liquid crystals.
The first type of projection TV has three small picture tubes(lamps). Each has its own color: red, green and blue. Their rays, before projecting a picture onto a large screen, pass through a complex system of lenses, prisms, and mirrors. This type of TV is very similar to CRT, only it differs in a larger diagonal (up to 80 inches), better picture quality and less energy consumption.
Plasma Technology (PDP)
These slim panels with a perfectly flat screen and excellent picture quality (vivid and rich colors) differ significantly in appearance from previous types. The source of image formation is a large number of small pixel cells... In such equipment there are no problems with focusing, TVs have a wide viewing angle without loss of quality. But in PDP TVs with a small diagonal (less than 42 inches), it is quite problematic to use the current Full HD resolution. We're not talking about innovative 4K and 8K. In addition, even the smallest plasma panel than the old CRT "box". In addition, the cost of PDP equipment is quite high. And at the moment this technology cannot compete with relatively inexpensive LED screens. Manufacturing often suffers losses, although the image quality of plasma significantly outperforms LCD panels in terms of viewing angles, color flux and matrix response. Despite this, plasma technology has ceased to be developed by many leading manufacturers.
This is the most popular group among consumers. The operation of liquid crystal devices is based on polarization of the luminous flux. The source of the glow here, unlike plasma TVs, is ordinary fluorescent lamps, or, as in the new models, LEDs. They illuminate a white reflective screen behind a glass plate. Liquid crystals are applied to it, which, under the action of an electric current, form a picture.
Representatives of this group differ economical energy consumption and light weight, they can easily be used with. In addition, compared to plasma, LCD equipment maintainable, this characterizes them as practical devices.
The disadvantages of budget models include a delay in dynamic frames and a limited viewing angle.
The most popular among consumers are liquid crystal. LEDs act as a matrix backlight. At this stage, manufacturers use two types of backlighting: Direct and Edge. In the first case, the LEDs are set behind the matrix... This achieves low black levels so you can use Local Dimming technology and avoid side reflections. In the second (Edge) the light sources are located along the screen(can be located on one side, on two or four - depending on the size of the diagonal). Such models are more energy efficient and more affordable for consumers.
In addition to the above advantages of such TVs, the strengths of LED screens include:
- a wide range of models and a choice of manufacturers;
- any diagonal solutions available today;
- absence of visible flicker and beam focusing defects;
- there are no problems with the geometry of the image and clarity;
- perfect for broadcasting not only analogue channels, but also modern digital television.
OLED - TVs
It is based on a matrix with organic LEDs. The picture is displayed on the screen using self-emitting diodes - no backlight is required, as in LCD technology - this is the main thing. Multi-colored semiconductor devices act as independent light sources. OLED the technology allows you to create the thinnest screens today (several millimeters), including.
Such devices are many times superior to their predecessors. Organic light-emitting diodes allow to obtain the highest possible level of image brightness, contrast, color rendering. Practically unlimited viewing angle which is in no way inferior to plasma technology. In addition, they are much lighter, thinner and more energy efficient than plasma devices. The technology wins over LCD-models OLED in the smooth transmission of dynamic scenes, the absence of constant backlighting.
At the moment, two leading manufacturers are engaged in the production of such TV models:. They have already produced and presented several serial samples, the price of which is much higher than similar LCD and plasma TVs. Also, as a disadvantage of such models, it can be noted, as in plasma, degradation and burnout of pixels over time, which leads to afterimages.
At the moment, OLED devices have a short lifespan - about 10 thousand hours, while LCD claims about 60 thousand, and plasma has up to 100 thousand hours of operation.
Experts divide televisions by screen resolution into three large groups:
- Ultra HD.
For older CRT TVs, only standard definition television is available - SD. Since most TV channels are still broadcast in this mode, models with a resolution of 720 × 576 pixels, 720 × 480 pixels are relevant and are used by a large number of users.
For such a TV, you can access paid channels in high quality using. It is issued by the provider for connection either directly to the TV, through, or through a TV set-top box.
Next generation TVs - LED, OLED and Plasma - support television high and ultra high definition... The most current format is HDTV (from 1280 × 720 pixels to 1920 × 1080 pixels). It is available on digital TV.
Some OLED device models offer the best available today (3840x2160 pixels); 8K (7680 × 4320 pixels) - Ultra HD.
It is worth noting that the future belongs to HDTV. But at present, only a few TV channels are broadcast in this format. Cable operators and satellite service providers are constantly expanding the list of channels broadcast in high definition.
Toshiba 4K TV
Talking about innovative formats 4K (8K), then the owners of equipment with their support will have to watch video content of this resolution only through a Blu-ray player for a long time. But such a screen is perfect for video games. The short distance to the panel will not affect the picture quality, and the high frame rate and excellent picture will allow gamers to get the most out of the game.
Device functionality
Modern models can be divided into four groups with the ability to:
- universal models;
- without additional functions.
Equipment with the supportSmart-technologies have. Thanks to this, from the TV screen using the remote control or wireless keyboard, you can easily access social networks, use the built-in browser and web services supported by the device.
Smart-ready
3 Dmodel may differ in technology: active and passive. In the first case, the image is transmitted alternately, to each eye (this is available thanks to glasses with a power source). Thanks to this, the viewer sees the image in the resolution in which it is transmitted, with a minimum level of distortion. With passive 3D, the picture is transmitted from different angles to both eyes of the viewer at once. This technology, as well as accessories for its use, are much cheaper. But the image quality and resolution is inferior to active 3D.
Both technologies are available in universal models.
Having considered several classifications of TVs, we can conclude that the most popular today are LED-models. They have access to high-resolution video content transmission, which is now actively developing, and the necessary functions that are relevant for modern devices. Such devices are rich not only in a wide range of models, but also in a price category. Plasma TV technology, due to its expensive production, is gradually declining. They are being replaced by OLEDs, which contain all the latest achievements of developers and manufacturers of television equipment.
Types of television
According to the form of transmission of the television signal, modern television can be divided into terrestrial, cable and satellite. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of information impact on consumers.
Essential television broadcasts the signal using terrestrial repeater stations. This type of television is the most widespread in Russia today. When people talk about television in general, they often mean on-air television.
Television reaches an audience that no other medium reaches - not radio, not newspapers and magazines, not the Internet. The number of TV watchers is estimated at millions of people.
Television can cover both a specific region and the whole country, and even the whole world.
Television acts quickly, for all viewers at once.
Although television does not allow reaching narrow target groups, it can still “reach” a specific audience. Children can be reached through cartoons. Farmers - through agricultural transmissions. Housewives - via afternoon soap operas and talk shows. Men - through sports programs. Etc.
Due to the fact that television immediately affects the sight and hearing of a person, it can not only tell, but also show with sound, in motion, in color. Television offers ample opportunities for creativity. With the help of the camera, you can lead the audience anywhere and show them a lot. Thus, television information, as it were, gives a person the opportunity to independently, with the help of his own eyes (and hearing) evaluate what is offered to him. In this regard, the viewer can form a fairly broad idea of the company, its product or service. Television has proven how convincing its power to influence human behavior.
Television has a certain prestige. After all, they usually show famous people on it, talk about the most significant achievements. People easily remember the faces they see on television.
It should be borne in mind that with all the advantages of television, it also has certain disadvantages. Due to the limited information space, it is very difficult to get on the TV screen.
The television audience is not particularly attractive for many companies, since the consumers of television information are mainly children, housewives, pensioners; young people are more likely to prefer radio, while serious businessmen get basic information from newspapers. Most of the time watching TV is spent by the illiterate and unemployed.
On television, it is very difficult to direct information to the target audience. A very wide range of people can watch the same programs.
With all this, there are great difficulties in effectively reaching TV viewers. People often change channels trying to find something more interesting. And there are more and more channels.
Cable television is the opposite of broadcasting in terms of audience selectivity. Cable TV is not targeted at mass audiences, but rather to meet the diverse needs of viewers. In this regard, there is a huge variety of specialized cable channels: sports, entertainment, information, film, children's, family, etc. All of them exist, to a greater extent, due to the paid subscription of their viewers.
Getting on local cable TV is much easier than on-air. But due to the fact that the signal travels through wires, and not everyone subscribes to cable television, it is impossible to reach everyone in the desired territory with it. Cable television, in comparison with terrestrial television, has a smaller overall audience.
Often, even though people have cable TV at home with a huge selection of programs, they prefer to watch the main channels of terrestrial television. In this regard, the ratings of cable TV programs, as a rule, are significantly lower than the ratings of terrestrial TV programs.
Satellite TV broadcasts by means of a satellite "suspended" in near-earth orbit. The signal is received by viewers on an individual dish-antenna.
The advantages of satellite television include reaching an audience that, due to geographic, economic or technical reasons, “does not reach” terrestrial and cable television. It is also worth noting that the cable TV audience is a solvent audience. After all, not everyone can afford to buy a set for satellite television.
Modern television: a path to progress or decline?
It can teach and enlighten and even inspire, but only as long as people use it appropriately. Otherwise, it is nothing more than a box of wires and light bulbs.
On April 29, 1931, the first TV broadcast took place in Russia. Black and white blurred images without sound - this is how viewers first saw the beginning of a new television era. Less than a century has passed since that day, and the Russian leadership is already planning a transition from analogue to digital television by 2015.
Since the introduction of the first size 3 TV sets x 3 has come a long way. Today the TV is a part of the interior and an indicator of the well-being of its owner. Progress in the development of technology is evident. But it is equally important that television is an integral part of the cultural life of each of us. Some people spend all their free time watching TV. Others, occasionally, in the evenings, while away an hour or two, creating for themselves the illusion that they are busy with business. But how high is the quality of the production of TV journalists? Is television developing and developing, or is it pushing towards regression?
In my opinion, the heyday of television activity began in 1995, with the creation of the Russian Public Television by Vladislav Listyev. News programs, enclosed within the framework of Soviet censorship, began to compete with projects that appeared after Gorbachev's announcement of publicity. The older generation remembers and speaks with undisguised sadness about the programs “Glance”, “Theme”, “Rush Hour”, “Musical Ring”, “600 Seconds” and many others, which have sunk into oblivion. After the monotony of identical announcers and stereotyped texts, party elders and agricultural news, a fresh look and the disclosure of previously hushed up problems became a breakthrough. A new then lively conversation, a clear absence of an ordinary script and rehearsals - it was new and unlike anything else. Democratic, fresh, bright, interesting and relevant. The flowering ended as quickly as it began. It seems that together with a shot at the entrance of one of the Moscow houses in 1995, not only the life of one of the brightest journalists in Russia was cut short, but also the era of truly democratic, sincere all-encompassing television activity.
... 15 years have passed since the Russian Public Television began its work. What do we see? Spectacularity, pomp, brightness, even relevance - but - unnecessary. Noise from nothing. Abyss of gossip, rumors, rustles and vulgarity. Yes, of course, complete freedom of speech. Where is morality? Where are the educational and sensitizing functions of the television media?
Among adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18, I conducted a small survey. It is interesting to know what my peers are watching and how they evaluate the quality of the informational dishes they serve. The results are disappointing.
On average, each of the sixty respondents spends 3 to 4 hours a day watching TV. It is curious that the younger the respondent, the more time he devotes to passive rest in front of the “box”. If 50% of seventeen-year-olds watch TV for an hour a day, then fifth-graders - 5-6 hours (!).
In the first place in demand are entertainment and humorous programs, sports programs and, as many responded, "militants". Only five of the respondents wrote that they prefer information programs. Among the favorites were named the series "Daddy's Daughters" and "Happy Together", " Comedy club "and" Our Russia ". The priority channels are TNT and STS.
When asked about their personal assessment of the work of television today, the overwhelming majority called it “good” and even “excellent”. Some of the seventeen-year-olds answered the question about their attitude in television: “On TV no censorship. This is bad". One fourteen-year-old teenager wrote in a big way: “I regard the work of modern TV as terrible. So I don’t watch TV at all! ”
Each of us hears every day that the not entirely high-quality and moral content of television programs corrupts, gives nothing and interferes with thinking. There is a lot of talk about this from the blue screens themselves, while calling for round-the-clock sports, and not for reading books or consuming high-quality music products. There is a lot of talk about this at school and at home, but today's youth tries not to listen. What for? We already understand.
Some say that today's youth is no good for anything. Others - that we are a huge, inexhaustible potential, the future of the state. Who is right and what to do? Both are right. Most of us are well aware that we are rolling down the ladder of our ethical and intellectual development. But many people cannot understand why it should be stopped. We become dull, realizing our hopelessness, and this is "high" for us.
Among us are erudites, polite, well-read, obedient, active ... But no one survives without adapting to the environment. Moreover - a man ... It is a pity that often smart and exemplary adolescents adjust and organically flow, roughly speaking, into the ranks of "Vasya" from the gateways. It is not known what will happen in another five years, if everything follows the same path. How to make the common people think? How to introduce them to culture? Today it is clear that only with the help of television. It remains to get through to the minds of the tycoons of the lucrative television business. Is it possible?
Until we reach out, we will degrade ...
Galina Poloskova
Faculty of Journalism. Iwell
