To search for information on the Internet are used. Three main ways to find information on the Internet

26.01.2021

They say that the Internet has it all. In fact, it is not so. Materials for posting on the network are prepared by real people, and therefore you can find there only what they saw fit to publish. However, the river is fed by streams, and, thanks to their work, there are already about two billion Web pages on the Internet today. As a result, cataloging online resources has become a major challenge. Despite the fact that thousands of organizations are dealing with the problem, it is not only not getting closer to resolution, but is becoming more acute. The percentage of cataloged resources has been steadily declining. In recent years, this decline has become catastrophic. So, if in 1999 the percentage of cataloged resources approached 40%, then in just one next year it dropped to 25%.

The takeaway is simple: the Web space fills up faster than it gets organized.

Unfortunately, we have no reason to believe that anything can change for the better in the near future. As a result, finding information on the Internet can be considered one of the most difficult tasks.

To find the information you are interested in, you need to indicate to the browser the address of the Web page on which it is located. This is the fastest and most reliable type of search. For quick access to the resource, just launch a browser and type the page address in the address bar.

Web-page addresses are given in special reference books, printed publications, and are heard on the air of popular radio stations and on TV screens.

If you do not know the address, then for searching information on the Internet there are search engines, which contain information about Internet resources.

Each search engine has a large database of keywords associated with the web pages they come across. To search for the server address with the information you are interested in, you must enter a keyword, a few words or a phrase in the search engine field. Thus, you send a request to the search engine. Search results are returned as a list of Web page addresses where these words are found.

Typically, search engines have three parts: robot, index and request processing program.

A robot (Spider, Robot or Bot) is a program that visits web pages and reads (in whole or in part) their content.

Search engine robots differ in the individual scheme for analyzing the content of a web page.

Index is a data warehouse that contains copies of all pages visited by robots.

Indexes in each search engine differ in the volume and way of organizing the stored information. Databases of the leading search engines store information on tens of millions of documents, and their index is hundreds of gigabytes. The indexes are periodically updated and supplemented, so the results of the work of one search engine with the same query may differ if the search was performed at different times.

A query processor is a program that, in response to a user request, "scans" the index for the information it needs and returns links to found documents.

The set of links at the output of the system is distributed by the program in descending order from the highest degree of matching the link to the request to the smallest.

In Russia, the most common search engines are:

Rambler (www.rambler.ru);
Yandex (www.yandex.ru);
Mail (www.mail.ru).

There are many more search engines abroad. The most popular are:

Alta Vista (www.altavista.com);
Fast Search (www.alltheweb.com);
Northern Light (www.northernlight.com).

Yandex is perhaps the best search engine on the Russian Internet. This database contains about 200,000 servers and up to 30 million documents that the system looks through in a few seconds. Using this system as an example, we will show how the search for information is carried out.

Search for information is set by entering a keyword into a special frame and clicking the "Find" button to the right of the frame.

Search results appear within seconds, and are ranked by importance - the most important documents are placed at the top of the list. In this case, the rank of the found document is determined by where the keyword is located in the document (it is more important in the title of the document than in any other place) and the number of mentions of the keyword (the more mentions, the higher the rank).

Thus, the sites located in the first places in the list are leading not from a content point of view, but practically, in relation to the frequency of the keyword. In this regard, one should not be limited to viewing the first ten sites suggested by the search engine.

The content of the site can be indirectly assessed by its short description posted by the Search engine under the address of the Site. Some unscrupulous authors of sites, in order to increase the likelihood of their Web page appearing in the first places of the Search Engine, deliberately include in the document meaningless repetitions of the keyword. But as soon as the search engine finds such a "littered" document, it automatically excludes it from its database.

Even a ranked list of documents offered by a search engine in response to a key phrase or word can be nearly overwhelming. In this regard, Yandex (like other powerful Search Engines) provides an opportunity, within the first list, to select documents that more accurately reflect the purpose of the search, that is, to clarify or improve the search results. For example, a keyword is a list of 34,899 Web pages. Entering a lookup keyword into the Search in Found command shrinks the list to 750 pages, and typing another lookup word into this command reduces the list to 130 Web pages.

Search catalogs are a systematic collection (selection) of links to other Internet resources. Links are organized as thematic rubricator, npe, which is a hierarchical structure, moving through which you can find the information you need.

Let's give as an example the structure of the Yandex.

This is a general purpose directory, as it contains links to Internet resources in almost all possible directions. The following are highlighted in this directory themes:

Business and Economics;
Society and Politics;
Science and education;
Computers and communications;
References and links;
Home and family;
Entertainment and recreation;
Culture and art.

Each subject includes many subsections , and they, in turn, contain rubrics etc.

Suppose you are preparing an event for the Victory Day and want to find the words of the famous military song by Bulat Okudzhava “You hear the boots rumbling” on the Internet. The search can be organized as follows:

Yandex\u003e Catalog\u003e Culture and art\u003e Music\u003e Author's song

This search method is quite fast and efficient. At the end, you are offered just a few links, among which there are links to sites with songs of famous bards. It remains only to find an archive with the lyrics of B. Okudzhava's songs on the website and select the desired text in it.

Another example. Suppose you are going to buy a mobile phone and want to compare the characteristics of devices from different companies. The search could be carried out on the following headings of the catalog :.

Yandex\u003e Catalog\u003e Computers and communications\u003e Mobile communications\u003e Mobile phones

Having received a limited number of links, you can quickly view them and select a phone by examining the characteristics by firms and modifications of devices.

Most search engines have the ability to search for keywords. This is one of the most common types of searches.

To search for keywords, you need to enter a word or several words that you want to search in a special window and click on the Find button.

The search engine will find in its database and show documents containing these words. There may be many such documents, but many in this case does not necessarily mean good.

Let's do some experiments with any of the search engines. Suppose we decided to start an aquarium and we are interested in any information on this topic. At first glance, the simplest thing is to search for the word "aquarium". Let's check this, for example, in the Yandex search engine. The search result will be a huge number of pages - a huge number of links. Moreover, if you look more closely, among them there will be sites mentioning B. Grebenshchikov's group "Aquarium", shopping centers and informal associations with the same name, and much more that has nothing to do with aquarium fish.

It is easy to guess that such a search cannot satisfy even an unassuming user. Too much time will have to be spent trying to select among all the proposed documents those that relate to the subject we need, and even more so to familiarize ourselves with their contents.

One can immediately conclude that it is generally impractical to search for one word, because it is very difficult to determine the topic of a document, web page or site from one word. The exception is rare words and terms that are almost never used outside their subject area.

Having a certain set of the most common terms in the desired area, you can use the advanced search. In fig. shows the advanced search window in the Yandex search engine. In this mode, the capabilities of the query language are implemented as a form. A similar service, including dictionary filters, is offered by almost all search engines.

Let's try to clarify the search terms and enter the phrase "aquarium fish". The number of links will decrease by more than 20 times. This result suits us more, but all the same, among the proposed links we can find, for example, Russian souvenir sets of matchsticks with images of fish, and collections of screensavers for the Desktop of a computer, and catalogs of aquarium fish with photos, and stores of aquarium accessories. Obviously, we should continue to move towards clarifying the search conditions.

In order to make the search more productive, all search engines have a special query language with its own syntax. These languages \u200b\u200bare similar in many ways. All of them are difficult to learn, but any search engine has a help system that will allow you to master the language you want.

Here are some simple rules for forming a query in the Yandex search engine.

The keywords in the query should be written in lowercase (small) letters.

This will ensure that all keywords are searched, not just those that start with an uppercase letter.

The search takes into account all forms of a word according to the rules of the Russian language, regardless of the form of the word in the query.

For example, if the word “know” was specified in the query, then the words “know”, “know”, etc. will also satisfy the search term.

To search for a stable phrase, you must enclose the words in quotation marks.

For example, "china dishes".

To search for an exact word form, an exclamation mark must be placed before the word.

For example, to search for the word "September" in the genitive case, write "! September".

To search within one sentence, the words in the query are separated by a space or by &

For example, "adventure romance" or "adventure & romance". Several words typed in the query, separated by spaces, mean that all of them should be included in one sentence of the required document.

If you want to select only those documents that contain each word specified in the request, put a plus sign "+" in front of each of them. If, on the contrary, you want to exclude any words from the search result, put a minus "-" before this word. The signs "+" and "-" must be written through a space from the previous one and merged with the next word.

For example, the query "Volga-car" will find documents containing the word "Volga" and no word "car".

When searching for synonyms or similar words, you can put a vertical bar "|" between words.

For example, by request “child | baby | baby ”documents with any of these words will be found.

Instead of one word in the query, you can substitute an entire expression. To do this, it must be enclosed in brackets.

For example, "(child | toddler | children | infant) + (care | upbringing)".

The "~" (tilde) character allows you to find documents with a sentence containing the first word but not the second.

For example, the query "books ~ store" will find all documents containing the word "books", next to which (within the sentence) there is no word "store".

If the operator is repeated once (for example, & or ~), the search is performed within the clause. The double operator (&&, ~~) searches within the document.

For example, the query "cancer ~~ astrology" will find documents with the word "cancer" that are not related to astrology.

Let's go back to the aquarium fish example. After reading several documents offered by the search engine, it becomes clear that the search for information on the Internet should not start with the selection of aquarium fish. An aquarium is a complex biological system, the creation and maintenance of which requires special knowledge, time and serious investment.

Based on the information received, a person conducting a search on the Internet can radically change the strategy for further search by deciding to study the special literature related to the issue under study.

To search for literature or full-text documents, the following query is possible:

After processing the request by a search engine, the result was very successful. Already the first links lead to the required documents.

Now you can summarize the search results, draw certain conclusions and decide on possible actions:

Stop further search, as for various reasons you cannot afford to maintain an aquarium.
Read the suggested articles and start setting up your aquarium.
Look for material about hamsters or budgerigars.

What is the fastest and most reliable type of search?
Where can a user find the addresses of Web pages?
What is the main purpose of a search engine?
What are the parts of a search engine?
What search engines do you know?
What is the search technology for a search engine rubricator?
What is the keyword search technology?
When should a + or - be specified in the search criteria?
What search criteria in Yandex are specified by the following phrase:
(nanny | educator | governess) ++ (care | upbringing | supervision) ?
What does doubling the sign (~~ or ++) mean when generating a complex query?

The task.

Task 1. Search in directories.

Using the directory of the search engine, find the following information (as directed by the teacher):

Lyrics of a popular music group
Repertoire of the Mariinsky Theater this week
Characteristics of the latest mobile phone from a well-known company (of your choice)
Recipe for cooking Ukrainian borscht with dumplings
Long-term weather forecast for your area (at least 10 days)
Photo of your favorite contemporary song artist
The approximate cost of a multimedia computer (price)
Information about vacancies for the position of secretary in your region or city
Horoscope of your zodiac sign for the current day

Based on the search results, compose a written report in Word: present the found, copied and formatted material in the document. Show the report to the teacher.

Task 2. Formation of a request for the exact title or quote.

You know the exact title of the document, for example, "Hygienic Requirements for Personal Computing Machines and Organization of Work". Formulate your query to search the Internet for the full text of the document.

Save the search result in your folder. Present to the teacher.

Task 3. Formation of complex queries.

In any search engine, make a request to find information about the Russian bath. Eliminate service offers, bath product advertisements, and other advertisements. Focus your search on the effects of the Russian bath on the body.
Create a complex query to find information on caring for domestic cats. Exclude large cats (for example, lions) from your search, as well as offers to buy, sell, wallpaper photos, etc.
Fill out the query text and the search result in Word and present it to the teacher.

Task 4. Thematic search.

Search the Internet for information on the history of computing technology by any means you know. Search in different directions: historical setting, technology, personality. Format the search results in the form of a presentation. Use a multi-stage table of contents in the form of hyperlinks in your presentation.

Finding information on the Internet

The Internet is growing at a very fast pace, making it increasingly difficult to find the information you need among hundreds of billions of Web pages and hundreds of millions of files. To find information, special search engines are used, which contain constantly updated information about the location of Web pages and files on hundreds of millions of Internet servers.

Search engines contain thematically grouped information about the information resources of the World Wide Web in databases. Special robotic programs periodically "bypass" Internet Web servers, read all documents they encounter, highlight keywords in them, and enter the Internet addresses of documents into the database.

Most search engines allow the Web site author to enter information into the database by filling out a registration form. In the process of filling out the questionnaire, the site developer enters the site address, its name, a short description of the site's content, as well as keywords by which it will be easiest to find the site.

Search by keywords. The search for a document in the database of the search engine is carried out by entering queries into search field.

The request must contain one or more keywords that are the main ones for this document. For example, to search for the Internet search engines themselves, you can enter the keywords "Russian Internet information search system" in the search field (Fig. 6.21).

Some time after sending a request, the search engine will return a list of Internet addresses of documents in which the specified keywords were found. To view this document in a browser, it is enough to activate the link pointing to it (Fig. 6.22).

If the keywords were chosen unsuccessfully, then the list of document addresses may be too large (it may contain tens or even hundreds of thousands of links). To narrow down the list, you can enter additional keywords in the search field or use the search engine catalog.

One of the most complete and powerful search engines is Google (www.google.com), which has 8 billion Web pages in its database and 5 million new pages by bots every month. In Runet (the Russian part of the Internet), the search engines Yandex (www.yandex.ru) and Rambler (www.rambler.ru) have extensive databases containing 200 million documents each.

Search in a hierarchical directory system. In the search engine database, websites are grouped into hierarchical subject catalogs, which are analogous to the thematic catalog in the library.

Top-level thematic sections, for example: Internet, Computers, Science and Education etc., contain subdirectories. For example, the Internet directory may contain subdirectories Search, Mail and others (Fig. 6.23).

Searching for information in a directory is reduced to choosing a certain directory, after which the user will be presented with a list of links to the Internet addresses of the most visited and meaningful Web sites. Each link is usually annotated, that is, it contains a short commentary on the content of the document.

The most complete multi-level hierarchical thematic catalog of Russian-language Internet resources has the Aport search system (www.aport.ru). The directory contains detailed annotations of the content of the websites and an indication of their geographic location.

Search for files. To search for files on file archive servers, there are specialized search engines, including the FileSearch search engine (www.filesearch.ru). To search for a file, you must enter the file name in the search field, and the search engine will return the Internet addresses of the file archive servers that store the file with the specified name.

Searching for information in the Russian-speaking part of the Internet using the most search engines: Google, Rambler, Aport, Yaps1ex and the Research file search engine can be done using the integrated search engine Gogle.ru (Fig. 6.24). To do this, it is enough to enter keywords in the search bar, use the switches to set the type of required information and click on the button with the name of the search engine Gogle.ru (Fig. 6.24). To do this, it is enough to enter keywords in the search bar, use the switches to set the type of required information and click on the button with the name of the search engine.

Figure: 6.24. Integrated search engine Gogle.ru

Internet search methods

Three ways to search the Internet

The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular provide the subscriber with access to thousands of servers and millions of Web pages that store an unimaginable amount of information. How not to get lost in this "information ocean"? To do this, you need to learn how to search and find the information you need on the web.

As already mentioned, there are three main ways to find information on the Internet.

1. Specifying the page address. This is the fastest search method, but can only be used if the address of the document is known exactly.

2. Navigation by hyperlinks. This is the least convenient way, since it can be used to search for documents only close in meaning to the current document. If the current document is devoted to, for example, music, then using the hyperlinks of this document, it is unlikely that it will be possible to get to a site dedicated to sports.

3. Referring to a search engine (search engine)... Using search engines is the most convenient way to find information. Currently, the following search engines are popular in the Russian-speaking part of the Internet:

There are other search engines as well. For example, an efficient search system is implemented on the mail.ru server.

Search servers

The most accessible and convenient way to find information on the World Wide Web is to use search engines. In this case, the search for information can be carried out by catalogs, as well as by a set of keywords that characterize the searched text document.

Let's take a closer look at using search engines. Search Server contains a large number of links to a wide variety of documents, and all these links are systematized into subject catalogs. For example: sports, movies, cars, games, science, etc. Moreover, these links are installed by the server independently, in automatic mode by regularly viewing all the Web pages appearing on the World Wide Web. In addition, search engines provide the user with the ability to search for information by keywords. After entering the keywords, the search engine starts scanning documents on other Web servers and displays links to the documents that contain the specified words. Typically, search results are sorted in descending order of a special document rating, which shows how well a given document meets the search terms or how often it is requested on the web.

Search engine query language

A group of keywords, formed according to certain rules - using a query language, is called a query to a search server. The languages \u200b\u200bused for queries to different search engines are very similar. You can learn more about this by visiting the "Help" section of the desired search server. Let's consider the rules for forming queries using the example of the Yandex search engine.

Operator syntax	What does operator mean	Request example
space or &	Logical AND (within a sentence)	physiotherapy
&&	Logical AND (within the document)	&& recipes (processed cheese)
\|	Logical OR	photo \| photography \| snapshot \| photographic image
+	Mandatory presence of a word in the found document	+ to be or + not to be
()	Grouping words	(technology \| production) (cheese \| cottage cheese)
~	Binary operator AND NOT (within a sentence)	banks ~ law
~~ or _	Binary operator AND NOT (within the document)	paris travel guide ~~ (agency \| tour)
/ (n m)	Distance in words (minus (-) - back, plus (+) - forward)	suppliers / 2 coffee music / (- 2 4) education vacancies ~ / + 1 students
" "	Phrase search	red riding hood Equivalent to red / + 1 hat
&& / (n m)	Distance in sentences (minus (-) - back, plus (+) - forward)	bank && / 1 taxes

To get the best search results, there are a few simple rules to remember:

1. Do not search for information by only one keyword.

2. It is better not to enter keywords with an uppercase letter, as this may lead to the fact that the same words written with a lowercase letter will not be found.

3. If you don't get any results in your search, check your keywords for spelling errors.

Modern search engines provide the ability to connect a semantic analyzer to the generated query. Using it, you can, by entering a word, select documents in which derivatives of this word are found in various cases, tenses, etc.

test questions

1. How is the search for documents by keywords? In the directory system?

Self-help assignments

6.8 Practical task. Compare the search results of documents by keyword using different search engines (use the integrated search engine Gogle).

6.9 Practical task. Find the WinAmp media player file on file archive servers.

Absolutely any human activity in the modern world, if we are talking about even the slightest development and obtaining new information, involves the search for new data. But just looking for information is one thing, and that's another. In this lesson, we will talk about what the search for information is in general, where and how to look for information, how to choose sources of information, analyze them and check for reliability, and also talk about the rules for finding information on the Internet and working with the data obtained.

What is information retrieval?

For the first time the concept of "information retrieval" was used in 1948 by the American mathematician and specialist in the field of computer technology Calvin Mooers, but in the publicly available literature it began to be found only in 1950.

Initially, automated information retrieval (meaning information retrieval systems) was used to search for scientific data and related literature, and was used by universities and public libraries. However, with the advent and development of the Internet, information search has become widespread.

In fact, the search for information is the process of identifying in a certain array of text documents those data that relate to a specific topic and satisfy the specified conditions, and in which there is the necessary information and facts (for example,).

The process of searching for information consists of several successive stages, through which the collection of data, their processing and provision is ensured. Typically, searches are performed as follows:

Information need is determined and a request is formulated
A complex of sources is determined in which the necessary information may be located
Information is extracted from identified sources
The data is reviewed and the search results are evaluated

But, despite the fact that at the first stage you need to decide as correctly as possible with what specific information you are going to look for (and this may seem paramount), it is the second stage that is of the greatest importance, because it is an order of magnitude to decide where to look for information more difficult.

Where can I find information?

The question of where to look for information is really very important. And first of all, for the reason that it is an information age. And this, in turn, means that information search at the present time has its own specifics.

Let's remember: at the end of the last century and even the beginning of this century, people turned to specialized institutions in order to search for information. These include libraries, archives, card indexes and other similar information bodies. But if at that time, in order to find information about what interests him, a person had to get together, leave the house, get to the right place, fill out an application, stand in line to give it, wait a while until the necessary literature is found, and then spend several hours searching for specific information and writing it down on paper, but today all these points can be bypassed, tk. almost every home has a computer and Internet access. Proceeding from this, information bases (archives, libraries, etc.) that were relevant in the not so distant past today, if they have not lost their relevance, then, in any case, have a much smaller number of clients.

To find what you need on the Internet, you just need to enter a query in the search service line (remember the first stage), click the "Find" button and select the most suitable of the proposed options - Internet pages. We will continue to talk about searching for information on the Internet a little later, but for now, we note that you should not neglect the traditional methods of searching for information, and from time to time you can visit the library, card index or archive. In addition, this will allow you to diversify your activities, unwind and spend time in an unusual way, with benefit and interest.

Speaking about the selection of sources for finding information, one cannot but touch upon the issue of reliability, which speaks of the need to be able to analyze data sources and determine those that can be trusted.

How to choose reliable sources of information?

Any reasoning on the topic of what sources can be, and which should be considered reliable, one way or another, will lead us to a stylistic understanding of information sources, and there are a considerable number of them. Let's imagine only the most common ones:

Scientific research with real empirical evidence
Popular science reflections that include both factual empirical data and subjective points of view of people who are specialists in a particular field
Philosophical treatises and discourses, distinguished by the greatest originality, subjectivity and presentation form
Fiction, which is usually a source of information - food for thought, but not reliable empirical data
Publicistic works - a category of works that are devoted to current phenomena and problems of current social life. Often in such works you can find a lot of reliable data and facts.
Mass media - a complex of bodies for the public transmission of information, such as television, radio, magazines and newspapers, as well as the Internet

You should always take into account the fact that almost no source of information data can be 100% reliable. The only exceptions are scientific research and, to some extent, popular science reflections, because, as already noted, they contain mainly facts confirmed by experience and officially recognized by the scientific community (there are, of course, both people and points views that are contrary to generally accepted, but in this article we will not consider particular cases).

Information from any other sources should be carefully checked in order to ensure that it is up to date and true. But before proceeding directly to the principles of information selection, it will not be superfluous to say that for the very process of information retrieval it is very convenient and effective to use the ideas of a special philosophical direction - positivism, since due to this, in a number of cases (especially when it concerns the search for specific scientific data), many questions disappear by themselves.

A little bit about positivism

Positivism is a philosophical trend in the doctrine of the methods and procedures of scientific activity, in which it is believed that the only source of true and valid knowledge in general is only empirical (empirically confirmed) research.

Also, positivism says that philosophical research does not carry cognitive value. The basic premise of positivism is that any genuine (or positive) knowledge is a combination of the results of special sciences.

The main goal of positivism is to obtain objective knowledge, which is possible only through verification of information in practice. With this in mind, we can once again return to the idea that the most reliable sources of information are scientific research and popular science speculation.

Armed with this principle as basic, you can start using others.

Information selection principles

There are several principles of information selection:

The principle of visibility

The investigated information that corresponds to this principle has the following features:

Information is available for perception and understanding
The images formed by the information are reliable, since they can be modeled and their sources set
Basic concepts, objects and phenomena can be demonstrated
Information meets the requested criteria

Scientific principle

The scientific principle implies that the researched information corresponds to modern scientific data. If such a correspondence is observed, then it becomes possible to detect inaccuracies and errors, perceive other points of view, be guided by one's own argumentation and transform information, comparing it with another.

Briefly, the criteria of the scientific principle can be expressed as follows:

The data correspond to the scientific understanding of the present
If there are errors and inaccuracies in the data array, they are not capable of distorting the objective picture concerning the issue in question.
Information can be in the form of a historical document that shows the path of development of specific scientific knowledge

The principle of relevance

According to this principle, information should be practical, topical, in line with modern demands, important at the current time. Such information is capable of arousing the greatest interest, in contrast to irrelevant information. Here you need to be guided by the following considerations:

It is desirable that the information is close in time and worries the researcher
Information can be a document that expands the understanding of the object under study
Information must be of historical value or otherwise important
Information can be a classic example of something that everyone knows

Systematic principle

If the information corresponds to the principle of systematicity, one can observe its multiple repetition in one or another interpretation within one source or in the same or another similar interpretation in other sources.

Thus, the information is noteworthy and can be applied if:

Similar data can be found in various databases
Different interpretations do not destroy the integrity of ideas about the same problem

Accessibility principle

Often, difficulties in finding and processing information can be caused, firstly, by its content itself, and, secondly, by the style in which it is presented. For this reason, when working with information, it must be borne in mind that:

Information should not only be understandable from the point of view of terminology, but also expand the researcher's thesaurus, for which reason it will be perceived as interesting, but not banal
Information should correspond to the terminology that the researcher possesses, but it should cover a specific topic from different angles
Information should also imply didactic processing, which removes the terminological barrier, in other words, information can be adapted for yourself, while retaining its meaning

Redundancy principle

The information under study should allow the researcher to highlight the main idea, find the hidden meaning, if any, come to an understanding of the author's position, determine the goals of presentation and develop the ability to correlate the content with the purpose.

The principles of information retrieval, which we talked about, can be applied to work with any data sources: books, documents, archival materials, newspapers and magazines, as well as Internet sites. In fact, these principles are universal, but here you should clearly understand for yourself that they may be quite enough to search for information in traditional sources, but when searching for information on the Internet, in order to avoid mistakes, one more set of rules must be observed.

Rules for finding information on the Internet

For an experienced user, searching for information on the Internet is extremely simple, however, for people who are faced with the issue of automated information retrieval for the first time, this process may seem rather complicated due to the abundance of all kinds of search operators. Below we will look at a simple search and an advanced search, as well as provide additional information that will be useful when searching for data on the Internet.

Finding information easily on the Internet

To begin with, it should be said that the most popular search engine in the world is "Google". In Russia, Yandex, [email protected] and Rambler are added to it.

To find the information you need, you just need to enter the query of interest in the search line of the service, for example, "Ivan the Terrible" or "How to drive a car correctly", and press "Find" or the "Enter" key on the computer keyboard. As a result, the search engine will give out many pages that provide information on the requested query. Please note that the most relevant results are those located on the first page of the search engine.

Advanced search for information on the Internet

By its principle, an advanced search is no different from a simple one, except that you can specify additional parameters.

With the help of special filters, the user has the opportunity to set additional conditions for his request. This can be a restriction by region, a specific site, the desired language, the form of a word or phrase, the date the material was posted, or the type of file.

To activate these functions, you need to click on the special icon located on the search engine page. An additional menu will open, where the restrictions are set. Filters (restrictions) are reset by clicking the "Clear" button on the search engine page.

Additional Information

Each user should keep in mind that:

Region constraint starts a search in the specified region. As a standard (By default), requests are usually issued for the region from which the user goes online.
Restriction on the form of a request starts a search in those documents where words have the exact form that is in the request, but the order of words can change. The user can set the case of letters (uppercase or lowercase), any part of speech and form, i.e. declension, number, gender, case, etc. By default, search engines look for all forms of the requested word, i.e. if you ask "wrote", the search engine will search for "write", "write", etc. The search engine will not search for single root words.
Site restriction launches a search for information among documents available on a specific site.
Language restriction starts a search for information in the selected language. It is possible to set up a search in several languages \u200b\u200bat the same time.
File type restriction triggers a search for a specific document format, i.e. if you specify the appropriate extensions, you can find text documents, audio and video files, documents intended to be opened by special programs and editors, etc. It is possible to set a search for several types of files at the same time.
Restricting by update date starts a search based on the specific date the document was posted. The user can find a document from a specific date, month and year, as well as set a time interval - then the search engine will display all the information added during this period of time.

These rules will be enough for finding information on the Internet. Any person can master it, and it will take quite a bit of time - usually literally 2-3 three practical approaches are enough.

But what to do with the information found, because its entire array is not required for study? It doesn't matter how you prefer to search for data on a topic of interest - going to the library or clicking on sites while drinking coffee - in addition to having search skills, you also need to be able to process the material that you study. And for this, note-taking and some other techniques are the best suited.

Working with the information received: notes, mind maps, reference diagrams and flowcharts

Abstract is considered to be the most popular and applied method of information processing. With this in mind, we decided to pay the most attention to this process, and present only introductory information on mental maps, reference diagrams and flowcharts.

What is a synopsis?

As we all know, a synopsis is a written text where the main points of any source of information are summarized sequentially and concisely. Abstracting means bringing to a certain structure information taken from the original. The basis of this process is data systematization. Notes can be either precise excerpts and quotations, or they can be in the form of a free letter - the main thing is to keep meaning. The style in which the synopsis is kept is in most cases close to the original source.

With the correct drawing up of the synopsis, the logical and semantic connection of the recorded is reflected. The abstract can be taken after a while or given to a friend, and reading and understanding the material will not cause difficulties. A competent outline contributes to the perception of even the most complex information, because it is expressed in an understandable form.

Summaries also differ in types, and in order to be able to correctly apply the type of synopsis that is more suitable for the work performed, these types must be able to distinguish.

Types of abstracts

Allocate planned notes, schematic planned notes, textual, thematic and free notes. Briefly about each of them.

Planned outline

The basis of the planned outline is the previously prepared material, and the outline itself includes headings and subheadings (paragraphs and sub-paragraphs). Each of the headings is accompanied by small text, which is why it has a clear structure.

The planned outline is most consistent with the preparation for seminars and public speaking. The clearer the structure is, the more logically and fully it will be possible to convey information to the addressee. According to experts, the planned outline should be supplemented with notes indicating the sources used, because it is quite difficult.

Schematic planning outline

A schematic plan outline consists of plan items presented in the form of question-proposals that need to be answered. When working with information, you need to make several notes under each of the proposals-questions. This outline will reflect the structure and internal connection of the data. In addition, this type of abstracts helps to master the studied material well.

Textual synopsis

The textual synopsis differs from all the others in its maximum saturation, tk. extracts and quotations from the original source are used to compile it. It can be easily supplemented with a plan, terms, concepts and theses. It is recommended to compose a textual summary for those who are engaged in the study of literature or science, because here quotes are of particular importance.

But this type of abstracts is not easy to compile, because it is necessary to be able to identify the most important passages of text and quotations so that, ultimately, they can give a holistic idea of \u200b\u200bthe material studied.

Thematic synopsis

Thematic synopsis is most different from others. Its meaning lies in the fact that a specific topic, issue or problem is covered, and a number of sources of information are usually used to compile it.

Using a thematic summary, it is best to analyze the topic under study, reveal the main points and study them from different angles. But you need to understand that in order to compile such a summary, you will need to research a lot of sources in order to be able to create a complete picture - this is an indispensable condition for really high-quality material.

Free abstract

Fluent notes are the best choice for people who are able to use different ways of working with information. You can include everything in a free synopsis: abstracts, quotations, excerpts of text, plan, notes, extracts, etc. You just need to be able to quickly and competently express thoughts and work with material. Many people believe that the use of a synopsis of this form is the most complete and complete.

Once you have decided what kind of outline you will compose, you can start the process itself. To do the job efficiently, you need to be guided by certain rules.

Rules for taking notes

There are several such rules and they are all extremely simple:

Read the text, identify its main features, nature, complexity; determine if it contains terms that you see for the first time. Mark unfamiliar concepts, places, dates, names.
Find out all the necessary information about what seemed unfamiliar to you in the text when you first read it. Inquire about people and events. Find out the meaning of the terms. Be sure to record the received data.
Read the text again and analyze it. This will help you highlight the main points, divide the information for yourself into separate blocks and notes.
Study the main points noted earlier, make up abstracts or write out individual fragments or quotes (if their presence is not necessary, then express the author's thought in your own words while maintaining the meaning). When fixing quotes and fragments, be sure to mark where the information came from and who the author is.
If you have the opportunity to express the author's thoughts in your own words, then try to do it in such a way that even large amounts of data are expressed in 2-3 sentences.

Applying these recommendations in practice, you will master the skill of competent note-taking, and you will be able to record and process information very quickly and efficiently (you can use an additional one as an aid).

In addition to notes, other equally interesting and effective techniques can be used to record information.

Mind Maps

Mind maps, or, as they are also commonly called, mind maps, mind maps, mind maps or associative maps, are such a method of structuring information that uses graphical records in the form of diagrams.

Mental maps are depicted in the form of tree-like diagrams, which contain tasks, terms, facts and / or any other data that are connected by branches. Branches, as a rule, depart from the main (central) concept.

The effectiveness of this method is due to the fact that it can be used as a convenient and simple information management tool that requires only paper and a pencil (you can also use a whiteboard and markers).

Reference schemes

Supporting diagrams visually reflect the intellectual psychological structure of a person, which controls his thinking and behavior. They allow you to present information using a logical-graphic language through meaningful supports.

When drawing up a reference scheme, its name is indicated, key concepts are noted and indicators and criteria are schematically depicted, on the basis of which the material is grouped.

This type of information structuring is very convenient when preparing for tests, exams, seminars. It can be accompanied by notes and additional notes.

Block diagrams

Flowcharts are another powerful technique to help structure information. It is a graphical model that describes a sequence.

The essence of the flowchart is to depict individual steps in the form of blocks with different shapes. All blocks are connected to each other by lines-arrows that indicate the desired sequence of thinking.

Most often, flowcharts are used to work with well-structured information, when all steps are specific. Each block, having its own form, indicates a particular thought process, and you can navigate according to the block diagram even with a minimal amount of text data on it. Convenient to use as an additional tool.

Finally

As we can conclude, searching for information and processing it is not only interesting, but also exciting activity. If you learn to apply this skill, taking into account all the features that we talked about today, it will not be difficult to find the information you need and use it for your own purposes, especially if you perform an acceptable algorithm of actions several times in a row.

In the next lesson, you will learn why it is recommended to follow a specific plan in the process of self-study, how to draw up one, and what you need to pay attention to for the learning to be as effective as possible.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge of the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. In each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you have selected one of the options, the system automatically proceeds to the next question. The points you receive are influenced by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on passing. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are mixed.

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