Everyone at least once in his life has come across the concept of stock indices or, at least, heard that "the RTS and MICEX indices have updated their maximum since April." But what is hidden behind this concept, and why do we need stock indices at all? Today we will take a closer look at this issue.
What is an index
A stock index is an indicator of changes in the prices of a certain group of securities. You can think of a stock index as a "basket" of stocks grouped together on some basis.The most important thing when studying an index is what stocks or bonds it is formed from. It is the set of securities included in the list, on the basis of which the index is calculated, that determines what information can be obtained by observing the dynamics of this index.
Why indexes are needed
In general, the main purpose of compiling a stock index is to create an indicator with which investors could characterize the general direction and "speed" of movement of stock quotes of companies in a particular industry.Studying the dynamics of indices helps participants in exchange trading to understand the impact on quotes of certain events - if, for example, an increase in oil prices occurs, then it is logical to expect an increase in quotes of all oil companies. However, shares of different companies grow at different rates (and some may not grow at all) - the index helps to understand the general trend of the market segment without the need to assess the position of many disparate companies.
Comparison of indices among themselves gives an understanding of how different sectors of the economy are traded in the market in comparison with each other.
A bit of history
The first widely used index was the one created by Charles Dow in 1884. Its calculation was carried out according to the quotes of 11 largest (and with the largest turnover of shares on the stock exchange) at that time US transport companies - the index was called the Dow Jones Transportation Average. In 1896, the index, which today is known as the Dow Jones Industrial Average, appeared, which brought together the main industrial companies of America.
The word "industrial" (Industrial) in today's realities is nothing more than a tribute to tradition, since the indicator itself has long included companies that are not directly related to this industry.
Index Producers
Another way to classify indices is to distribute them by compiler. Indices can be "agent" when they are calculated by special agencies (for example, Standard & Poor's S&P indices). The second option is stock indices created, in fact, by stock exchanges. In the US, this is NASDAQ, and in Russia, the two main stock indices were calculated by the MICEX and RTS exchanges, which have now merged into a single "Moscow Exchange".
In addition, a brokerage company can also be a compiler of indices. For example, ITinvest calculates its own indices, among which there are, for example, correlation indices (futures on the RTS index and the MICEX index, futures on the RTS index and the S&P 500 index), which are used to trade futures on the RTS index, "glued" futures and others indicators.
What do the indexes show?
The list of shares whose quotes are used to build the index is formed according to certain criteria, depending on the purpose of compiling a particular index.The method of calculating indices implies the inclusion of financial instruments that have similar characteristics. In particular, the share capital of companies whose shares are included in the index should not differ by orders of magnitude.
In general, it is believed that the movement of stock prices of well-known and large companies also reflects the dynamics of trading in smaller financial instruments from the same industry (this is an important clarification). Sectoral stock indices are needed in order to create hypotheses about the price dynamics of different companies in the same industry, even those not included in the index itself. Accordingly, sectoral indices help investors evaluate the prospects of investing in companies of a particular sector of the economy at a particular point in time.
Examples of sectoral indices can be well illustrated by the Dow Jones family, which includes:
- The DJIA Industrial Index is calculated based on the stock prices of the 30 largest companies from leading US industries.
- Transport index DJTA - covers the shares of the 20 largest US transport companies.
- Utility index DJUA - shares of 15 companies in the field of electricity and gas supply. engaged in gas and electricity supply.
There are also specialized exchanges for companies united on one or another basis. For example, the exchange of high-tech companies NASDAQ in the United States.
Indices are often compiled on a regional basis - for example, you can list the shares of companies representing a certain country or groups of countries (for example, the European Union or BRIC-type blocs). Similar to industry indices, these indicators help investors better understand the state of affairs in the markets of specific regions and countries,
An example of a regional index is the Morgan Stanley Capital International family of indices (famous among MSCI investors). MSCI country indices are calculated on the shares of companies in a particular country. There are also indices for individual markets - developed and emerging. For example, the MDCI Developed Market Index includes shares of companies from 24 countries where the stock markets are recognized as developed, and the MSCI Emerging Market Index, respectively, includes shares of companies from 27 countries that are classified as developing.
Current events
At the end of last week, many business media reported that the world's leading index providers plan to exclude Russian companies from their own indexes. In particular, as Vedomosti reported, one of the most famous index compilers, MSCI, announced the launch of a number of new indexes that do not include Russia. This was done in order to help investors avoid investing in a country that is under EU and US sanctions.Another major provider, S&P Dow Jones, also said it was consulting on a possible exclusion. Russian companies.
The experts interviewed by Vedomosti mostly believe similar solution a blow to the Russian economy, because under the current conditions, investors will not invest in domestic companies.
However, Sergey Egishyants, chief economist at ITinvest, is convinced that not everything is so scary:
There is only one meaning [of such sanctions] - a certain number of Western investment funds invest money not in some stocks specially chosen by them, but in some index, where companies are driven by developers according to a certain attribute (industry, geography, economic status, etc.) “Buying” such an index means, in fact, the acquisition of shares of all the companies included in it in the proportion that is set for them by the index manufacturer. Accordingly, the exclusion of corporations from it means that now these "index" funds no longer buy shares of the said corporations, and even sell those that were already in their possession.Those. for our stock market, this is simply another wave of foreign money flight - and this time purely speculative (that is, not participating in the processes in the real economy): of course, this is unpleasant (the market is falling - although not much, because there is no such money here anymore and a lot) - but in principle it is even good, because the less "hot" global money, the less the amplitude of market fluctuations during various shocks.
The economy does not suffer from such somersaults at all - in the sense that it is simply not affected by these inflows and outflows: they all go past the real sector - and only a drop in the turnover of companies in the financial sector can somehow be considered a negative consequence for the national economy.
It’s just that in recent years, the share of this sector in the overall GDP growth has been very large - it is in the lead by a wide margin: it’s another matter that these are mostly not brokers, but banks distributing an insane amount of consumer loans - although this process is already curtailing. In general, nothing terrible happened.
How to use indexes
In general, the existence of an index serves several purposes. They can be used for:- Get an idea about the general dynamics of stock quotes of a certain group (companies, countries, industries, etc.). Often this data is used to make speculative transactions.
- There are derivative instruments based on the index itself - for example, there is a futures contract for the RTS index. Most often, such contracts are used to hedge risks (for more details, see our
We write the index numbers on the envelope correctly.
The correct spelling of the index numbers on the postal envelope is a must if you want the letter to reach the addressee quickly.
Why is it so important? The fact is that they try to minimize manual sorting of letters, so more and more often special automated tools are used for processing. And the index numbers allow the machine to quickly determine where the letter is going.
What index to write on the envelope
The index is specified for both the sender and the recipient. But in the index field for automated sorting (usually located in the lower left corner of the envelope), the recipient's index is indicated. If you specify your index there, the letter may linger for a long time on sorting until it is processed manually.
How to write index numbers correctly
Here is an example of writing numbers on an envelope:
Numbers can be filled in with any color except red, yellow and green. I don’t know what this restriction is connected with, but this is indicated in the rules of the Russian Post. Perhaps the automated equipment detects these colors as service colors or something like that. Therefore, with a black or blue pen, you can write the index quite calmly.
How to write an index on international envelopes
The recipient's index on an envelope for an international letter must be indicated in the corresponding field of the recipient and nowhere else. There are no special fields, as on envelopes for internal letters. More precisely, international envelopes look like this:
The numbers 555 mean that the envelope is international. The letter will be delivered abroad, and there the local postmen will figure out who to deliver the envelope to.
Sample postal code
Writing postal codes is taught almost from kindergarten. However, does anyone remember how these numbers are written. Especially for this case, we post a sample postal code on the site.
When filling in the recipient's postal code, make sure that everything is written there correctly. There can be different postal codes in the same city. In one case, the letter will go directly to the recipient's local mail. And in another case, the same letter may end up at the main post office, which may be located 20 kilometers from the addressee.
To view a sample of writing a postal code, click on the picture attached to the article. Or just look below:
The index number pattern is a great option.
Description:
Uppercase number one (1). Posted on 15.10.2012 - 15:49 - Matafonova Natalia Nikolaevna. For sorting postal items Russian Post uses automated technologies. To view a sample of writing a postal code, click on the picture attached to the article. Below is an example of writing index numbers. Prices from all stores in Russia in one place. An example of writing index numbers. This material is intended to show a sample of writing numbers. Postal and index - a sequence of letters or numbers added to the postal address in order to facilitate the sorting of correspondence, including automatic. However, does anyone remember how these numbers are written. The guy was tensely silent for a while, then wrinkled his index.
Envelope Sample
For more than one hundred years, envelopes have been a favorite way to deliver letters and documents. However, in the era of modern digital technologies and interactive communication, many of us have already forgotten how to properly fill out an envelope. First of all, the information on the postal envelope must be filled out carefully in compliance with certain rules. In any post office there is a sample of how to fill out an envelope, which you can rely on when sending letters.
1. Language. When sending correspondence within the Russian Federation, the envelope must be filled out in Russian. If you need to send a letter to another country, write the address in English. At the same time, be guided by a sample of filling out an envelope for letters abroad. If necessary, you can duplicate the data in the language of the recipient country (German, French, etc.), while the availability of information in English is mandatory.
2. Address. The correct spelling of the address on the envelope can shorten the time it takes to send the letter. If you pay attention to the example of filling out the envelope, you will notice that the sender's address is located in the upper left corner, and the recipient's address is in the lower right part of the envelope. The address is filled in in the following order: full name, postal address (street, house, district, region / region, settlement), index. For recipients and senders, the order of writing the address is identical.
3. Accuracy. The address must be written in legible handwriting, preferably in block letters. Strikethroughs, corrections, spelling errors in the spelling of the address are not allowed. To fill in the data correctly, pay attention to the example of filling out the envelope.
Writing addresses on envelopes is a responsible and time-consuming step when sending letters. But what about the situation if you send more than one letter, but send thousands of emails? In this case, it is advisable to use specialized software for printing envelopes. For example, the "Mail Envelopes" editor from AMS Software is a convenient and high-quality program for printing envelopes and organizing mailings. The user only needs to enter information about the senders and recipients, select the template of the desired format and print the finished envelope. The program includes a built-in template for filling out an envelope, and all fields are entered automatically from the database. The product is equipped with a friendly Russian-language interface and detailed reference materials, which ensures easy and comfortable work in the program.
If you look closely at the sample of filling the envelope, in its lower left part there is a so-called code stamp. It contains the recipient's zip code written in stylized numbers. These numbers can be written in any color of ink, except for yellow, green, and red. Otherwise, the letter will not be allowed to sort. You can see a sample of filling in a code stamp in the picture.
Sample mailing list
Attention! The speed of sending your item along the main postal routes directly depends on the correct design of the postal item.
On domestic postal items and accompanying forms for postal items, as well as on postal order forms, postal addresses are written by the sender in the following sequence:
example of writing index numbers
Sources:
,
The following documents:
- Business trip memo sample writing
- Sample report writing for a student
You may be interested
What do we take into account
Be sure to take into account:
- Language. In order for the correspondence to reach the addressee within the Russian Federation, the envelope is filled in in Russian. If you need to send a letter to another state, the address should be written in English. Study the sample of filling out correspondence abroad. If necessary, duplicate the information in the language of the recipient state, but data in English is required.
- The address. Correct spelling of the address is likely to shorten the delivery time of the letter. According to the sample, the sender's address is in the upper left corner of the envelope, and the recipient's address is in the lower right corner of the envelope. When writing the address, the full name, full postal address and postal code are indicated. For the recipient and the sender, the order of writing the address is the same.
- Accuracy. Write the address legibly, preferably in block letters. Corrections, strikethroughs, spelling errors are not allowed. To fill in the columns correctly, refer to the sample.
The address
Writing an address is a crucial stage in the execution of correspondence. If you need to send thousands of letters, it is advisable to use specialized programs for printing envelopes. For example, the editor "Mail Envelopes" from AMS Software is a high-quality, convenient program for printing envelopes and mailing. You only need to enter data about senders and recipients; a template of the required format is selected, the finished envelope is printed. The program includes a sample of filling in the envelope, and the fields are entered from the database automatically. The Russian-language interface and detailed reference material provide ease and convenience in working with the program.
In the lower left part of the postal envelope is a code stamp containing the recipient's postal code, which is written in stylized numbers.
Numbers can be written in ink of a certain color: yellow, green and red are not allowed. Because of them, the letter will not get sorted. Therefore, it is better to choose blue or black paste.
How to write an index in Russia
In different countries, the number of digits in the postal code is different. The Russian Federation now has a 6-digit postal indexing system.
- The first three digits indicate belonging to a particular region, the last three are the number of such and such a post office, post office. Thus, the index on the postal envelope is a kind of identifier for the item.
- With the help of sorting machines, correspondence is broken down at the place of departure. Therefore, write the postal code should be correct. They write it on the main text field, and then duplicate it on special fields, defined by dots.
- The height of the points coincides with the height of the scanning devices. The index is written according to a clear writing scheme indicated on the back of the envelope. You need to write in such a way that the devices can more easily read the necessary information.
- When writing a zip code, it is recommended to choose an ink that does not wash out due to exposure to moisture.
- Decorative envelopes or envelopes issued on the occasion of a holiday usually do not have a special field for specifying an index. This complicates the correct writing of numbers, which means that the delivery of the letter is difficult. The Post Office recommends using standard envelopes.
Index on international letters
In this case, the recipient's index is indicated in the corresponding field once. The numbers 555 indicate that the postal envelope is international and will go abroad.
Conclusion
The speed of processing and delivery of a letter depends on the correct spelling of the address, in connection with which the federal postal operator urges not to ignore the rules and the procedure for filling in the corresponding fields:
- For the subject - full name; for legal persons - full or abbreviated names, street name, house and apartment number (or PO box).
- Locality.
- District.
- Republic, territory, region, autonomous region.
- Country (for international letters).
- Index.
Address data must be written legible or printed(perhaps with the help of printing technology). The font size must be at least 11 pt (4 mm), for index numbers - 13-14 pt (5 mm). Capital letters are recommended. The address of the addressee and the sender of the postal item within Russia are indicated in Russian.
After reading a lot of literature on DBMS, some experience with MongoDB and browsing through articles on databases, I have a desire to make a cheatsheet on indexes in relation to the database. And indexing is a rather interesting section of database theory, and most importantly, it is necessary in practice. Generally speaking, the golden rule of indexing is to have an index for every query.
By sort order
- Ordered- indexes in which the elements of the field (column) are ordered.
- Increasing
- Descending
- unordered are indices in which the elements are unordered.
By data source
- View indexes.
- Expression indexes- for example in PostgreSQL.
By impact on the data source
- Non-clustered index are the most typical representatives of the index family. Unlike cluster ones, they do not rebuild the physical structure of the table, but only organize links to the corresponding rows. To identify the desired row in the table, the non-clustered index organizes special pointers, including: information about the identification number of the file in which the row is stored; page identification number of the relevant data; the number of the searched line on the corresponding page; column content.
- Clustered index- The fundamental difference between a clustered index and indexes of other types is that when it is defined in a table, the physical location of the data is rebuilt in accordance with the structure of the index. The logical structure of the table in this case is more of a dictionary than an index. The data in a dictionary is physically ordered, such as alphabetically. Clustered indexes can provide significant data lookup performance improvements even when compared to regular indexes. The performance increase is especially noticeable when working with serial data.
By structure
- B*-trees
- B+-trees
- B-trees
- Hashes.
By quantity
- Simple index (single key index)- built on one field.
Composite (multi-key, composite) index - is built on several fields. The order of the fields is important (for example, in MongoDB).
Index with Included Columns - A non-clustered index that additionally contains, in addition to key columns, also non-key ones. - Master index (primary key index) is the index key that currently manages the table. A table cannot be sorted by multiple index keys at the same time. Although, if the same table is open simultaneously in several workspaces, then each copy of the table can have its own main index assigned.
According to the content
- Unique index- consists of many unique field values.
A dense index (NoSQL) is an index where each document in the indexed collection has a corresponding entry in the index, even if the document does not have an indexed field. - Sparse Index (NoSQL)- one in which only those documents are presented for which the indexed key has some specific value (exists).
- Spatial index- Optimized to describe geographic location. It is a multi-key index consisting of latitude and longitude.
- Composite spatial index- an index that includes, in addition to latitude and longitude, some other meta-data (for example, tags). But geographic coordinates should come first.
- Full text (inverted) index- a dictionary that lists all the words and indicates in which places they occur. If there is such an index, it is enough to search for the necessary words in it and then a list of documents in which they occur will immediately be obtained.
- Hash indexes- they involve storing not the values themselves, but their hashes, due to which the size (and, accordingly, the speed of their processing) decreases (and, accordingly, the speed of their processing) indexes from large fields. Thus, when querying using HASH indexes, it will be compared not the searched value with the field value, but the hash of the searched value with the hashes of the fields.
Due to the non-linearity of hash functions, this index cannot be sorted by value, which makes it impossible to use greater than/less than and "is null" comparisons. In addition, since hashes are not unique, collision resolution methods are applied to matching hashes. - Bitmap index- the bit index method is to create separate bitmaps (sequence of 0 and 1) for each possible value of the column, where each bit corresponds to a row with an indexed value, and its value equal to 1 means that the record corresponding to the bit position contains an indexed value for this column or properties.
- Reverse index- this is also a B-tree index but with a reversed key, used mainly for monotonically increasing values (for example, an auto-increment identifier) in OLTP systems in order to remove competition for the last leaf block of the index, because by flipping the value, two adjacent index entries fall into different index blocks. It cannot be used for range searching.
- Function-based index ( calculated field index) — an index whose keys store the result of user-defined functions. Functional indexes are often built on fields whose values are pre-processed before being compared in an SQL command. For example, when comparing string data in a case-insensitive manner, the UPPER function is often used. Creating a functional index with the UPPER function improves the efficiency of such comparisons. In addition, a functional index can help to implement any other missing type of indexes of a given DBMS (except, perhaps, a bit index, for example, Hash for Oracle)
- Primary index— a unique index on the primary key field.
- secondary index- index on other fields (except for the primary key field).
- XML index is a sliced materialized representation of XML Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) in a column with an xml data type.
According to the update mechanism
- Fully configurable- when adding an element, the entire index is rebuilt.
- Refillable (balancing)- when adding elements, the index is partially rebuilt (for example, one of the branches) and periodically balanced.
By indexed content coverage
- Fully covering (complete) index- covers all the contents of the indexed object.
- Partial Index is an index built on a part of the table that satisfies a certain condition of the index itself. This index was created to reduce the size of the index.
- Incremental (Delta) index- a small part of the data (delta) is indexed, as a rule, after a certain time. Used for intensive recording. For example, a full index is rebuilt once a day, while a delta index is built every hour. In essence, this is a partial index by timestamp.
- Real-time index- a special kind of delta index in Sphinx, characterized by high construction speed. Designed for frequently changing data.
Indexes in clustered systems
- Global Index- index over the entire contents of all shards (sections).
- Segment index- global index on the field-segmented key (shard key). Used to quickly determine the segment (shard) on which data is stored in the process of routing a request in a database cluster.
- Local index- index on the contents of only one shard.
If there are inaccuracies, corrections - write in the comments. I hope this "cheat sheet" will be useful to someone.
The address must be written legibly.
The recipient's address must be written in the lower right corner of the item. The sender's address is in the top left.
The address indicates:
- Full name of the recipient (in the format "Last Name First Name Middle Name") or organization name (short or full)
- Street name, house number, apartment number
- Locality name
- Name of the district, region, territory or republic
- The name of the country
- PO Box number, if any (in the format "PO Box 15")
- Postal code according to the sample:
Stamps should be pasted in the upper right corner of the address side of the envelope, postcard, packaging. If this corner is occupied, stick the stamps a little lower.
Sometimes the stamp may be printed directly on the envelope or postcard.
|
The letter A printed on the envelope allows you to send a simple letter within Russia weighing up to 20 g without gluing additional stamps. |
applied to the envelope letter D allows you to send ordered letter in Russia weighing up to 20 g without gluing additional stamps. |
applied to a postcard letter B allows you to send this postcard in Russia without gluing additional stamps. |
Having glued stamps for the required amount, you can send postcards and envelopes with the letters A, B and D and abroad.
Often people who rarely send or never send letters, postcards, parcels, do not know how to write a postal address correctly.
We will discuss this moment, at the same time we will consider examples of how to fill out an envelope or an empty form.
All about recipient index
What is meant by postal address? Let's imagine that you want to send a letter to a close friend in the village of Ilyino, which is located thirty kilometers from the regional center. You yourself live in Moscow. Let's say that you know exactly the address of a friend, but this is not enough. On the envelope and in the form for parcels there is a field with six numbers written. It is very important to know what zip code the address is. It is the very six digits that should be written in the first place. Without an index (code stamp), a parcel, parcel post, ordinary or registered letter will not be accepted by postal employees. Therefore, be sure to find out exactly what index the district post office has, which sends letters to the village of Ilyino. Here you need to be careful, because if you write the index of another post office, then the letter may not reach at all. The post office works only with those addresses that are closest to it. There are exceptions when a transfer is made from the wrong department to the right one.
And now consider the example of a postal address, after writing the index, which is written twice. By the way, this point is worth noting, because often people who send a letter for the first time are confused by the fact that two fields are printed on the envelope: one at the bottom, immediately below the address, the second at the bottom in the form of numbers printed with dots. You need to fill in both a small window and a large one with the same index number. On the back of the envelope there is a sample of how to write the numbers correctly.
Sender and recipient
On the envelope, as well as on the package or box with the parcel, there are lines with the phrases “from whom” and “to whom”. It is quite clear that whoever sends the letter must write their mailing address on a form labeled "from". Accordingly, the one who sends is the sender. As a rule, when sending a parcel, a check is issued with the address of the sender and recipient, as well as the cost of the shipment, and the postal identifier. But we are now only interested in the sender and the recipient. Thus, the recipient is the one to whom the parcel or letter is sent.
It is very important to understand this, as the mail may ask a question, for example: “Do you know the address of the recipient?” Or they will ask who is the sender.
How and with what to fill in the address
The postal address is a crucial moment when sending letters and parcels. In no case should data be allowed to blur or be erased. In addition, you need to write in legible handwriting and in large print.
Therefore, it is unacceptable to fill the envelopes with a pencil or bright pens, felt-tip pens. It is recommended to use black or blue gel, ballpoint, fountain pens to fill the paper envelope. When sending a parcel in a Russian Post branded package or on a form with a glossy surface, it is advisable to use a black marker that is resistant to moisture and friction.
What is the address written on
Earlier we mentioned mainly letters and parcels. Now you should list the types of postal items in order to figure out which service to order from the post office.
Let's start with letters. In an envelope, you can send a postcard, several sheets of text or drawings, photographs and newspaper clippings. That is, small and flat items, but not of material value (money, documents, passport photocopies, etc.). How to write an address on a postal envelope so as not to spoil what's inside? It is advisable to sign the envelope while it is empty. Only then invest the necessary items.
If you need to send larger items, such as one small book, DVD or calendar, you should ask the operator postal service about sending parcels. Larger items are shipped in a bag or box. When filling out the package, you should also first write the correct postal address, and then put the items in it and seal it.
Registered letters also require correct filling. They are most often designed to send securities, so you should know the exact address and full name. recipient. Also be sure to write your return address.
The procedure for filling out the form with the address
Now let's look at the sequence of filling in the address. It is customary to first write the last name, first name and, if possible, patronymic of the person to whom you are sending the letter. For example, "Sergeev Ivan" or "Sergeev Ivan Alekseevich". It is acceptable to write initials. Letters arrive immediately mailbox without notice.
Next, in the line "Address" we write the street and the house (if the private sector) or the street, house, building / building (if any), apartment / room. Data must be accurate and numbers must be clear. You must not allow, for example, the number "7" to be read as the number "1", otherwise the postman may make a mistake and send the letter to the wrong place.
Then the name of the settlement is written (for example, the village of Sosenki, Ostashkovsky district, Tver region). It is allowed to write the address in a different sequence: region / region, district / regional center, settlement, street and house. You can also abbreviate "district" - "district", and "oblast" - "reg." etc.
It should be reminded once again that you are sure to find out what the postal code is at the address of the recipient, and you also need to know yours in case of an unsuccessful delivery attempt.
Address examples
Above, you studied how letters and parcels for private citizens are filled out. Now we will consider the nuances of filling out items for military personnel and legal entities. Below is an example of a mailing address for a letter to a soldier.
We only note that the letter means a company. For example, a soldier serves in a sports company and the letter of his company is "A". Be sure to write full name. soldier.
Next, consider a letter to the enterprise. If the organization does not have a PO Box (PO Box), then the address is written to a specific department, to a specific official. Accordingly, the full name is indicated.
The importance of writing real names recipient
The postal address is an integral task of the sender, in addition, it is required to indicate the last name, first name and patronymic, both your own in the "From" column and in the "To" column. This is especially true for parcels and registered letters with parcels. The fact is that it is not the parcel itself or a registered letter that arrives in the mailbox of the recipient (addressee), but only a notification. It must be filled out (the recipient should enter their passport details), then come to the post office with a notification and a passport. If full name do not match, then the parcel or registered letter may not be delivered.
Is it necessary to write your address?
Some people make the mistake of leaving a letter without a return address. Also, you cannot send a parcel without writing your postcode, city, street and house. The fact is that letters and parcels may not reach the recipient, for example, a student has left one hostel for another or a soldier has been transferred from one military unit to another. In this case, the letter is returned to the recipient's post office, then marked "the recipient is not available at the specified address" is returned to the sender.
You have learned that the mailing address is the key to getting the item and letter to the right person. Without an index and the exact coordinates of the recipient, the letter or parcel simply will not reach and will eventually be returned to the "native" post office. It is worth noting that letters and parcels without an index are invalid, as well as without a full address.
