Naming systems for large numbers
There are two systems for naming numbers - American and European (English).
In the American system, all names of large numbers are constructed like this: at the beginning there is a Latin ordinal number, and at the end the suffix “million” is added to it. An exception is the name "million", which is the name of the number thousand (Latin mille) and the magnifying suffix "illion". This is how numbers are obtained - trillion, quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, etc. The American system is used in the USA, Canada, France and Russia. The number of zeros in a number written according to the American system is determined by the formula 3 x + 3 (where x is a Latin numeral).
The European (English) naming system is the most common in the world. It is used, for example, in Great Britain and Spain, as well as in most former English and Spanish colonies. The names of numbers in this system are constructed as follows: the suffix “million” is added to the Latin numeral, the name of the next number (1,000 times larger) is formed from the same Latin numeral, but with the suffix “billion”. That is, after a trillion in this system there is a trillion, and only then a quadrillion, followed by a quadrillion, etc. The number of zeros in a number written according to the European system and ending with the suffix “million” is determined by the formula 6 x + 3 (where x is a Latin numeral) and by the formula 6 x + 6 for numbers ending in “billion”. In some countries that use the American system, for example, in Russia, Turkey, Italy, the word “billion” is used instead of the word “billion”.
Both systems originate from France. French physicist and mathematician Nicolas Chuquet coined the words "billion" and "trillion" and used them to represent the numbers 10 12 and 10 18 respectively, which served as the basis for the European system.
But some French mathematicians in the 17th century used the words "billion" and "trillion" for the numbers 10 9 and 10 12, respectively. This naming system took hold in France and America, and became known as American, while the original Choquet system continued to be used in Great Britain and Germany. France returned to the Choquet system (i.e. European) in 1948.
In recent years, the American system has been replacing the European one, partially in the UK and, so far, little noticeably in other European countries. This is mainly due to the fact that Americans insist in financial transactions that $1,000,000,000 should be called a billion dollars. In 1974, Prime Minister Harold Wilson's government announced that the word billion would be 10 9 rather than 10 12 in UK official records and statistics.
| Number | Titles | Prefixes in SI (+/-) | Notes |
| . | Zillion | from English zillion | General name for very large numbers. This term does not have a strict mathematical definition. In 1996, J.H. Conway and R.K. Guy, in their book The Book of Numbers, defined a zillion to the nth power as 10 3n + 3 for the American system (million - 10 6, billion - 10 9, trillion - 10 12 , ...) and as 10 6n for the European system (million - 10 6, billion - 10 12, trillion - 10 18, ....) |
| 10 3 | Thousand | kilo and milli | Also denoted by the Roman numeral M (from Latin mille). |
| 10 6 | Million | mega and micro | Often used in Russian as a metaphor to denote a very large number (quantity) of something. |
| 10 9 | Billion, billion(French billion) | giga and nano | Billion - 10 9 (in the American system), 10 12 (in the European system). The word was coined by the French physicist and mathematician Nicolas Choquet to denote the number 10 12 (million million - billion). In some countries using Amer. system, instead of the word “billion” the word “billion” is used, borrowed from European. systems. |
| 10 12 | Trillion | tera and pico | In some countries, the number 10 18 is called a trillion. |
| 10 15 | Quadrillion | peta and femto | In some countries, the number 10 24 is called a quadrillion. |
| 10 18 | Quintillion | . | . |
| 10 21 | Sextillion | zetta and cepto, or zepto | In some countries, the number 1036 is called a sextillion. |
| 10 24 | Septillion | yotta and yokto | In some countries, the number 1042 is called a septillion. |
| 10 27 | Octillion | Nope and sieve | In some countries, the number 1048 is called an octillion. |
| 10 30 | Quintillion | dea and tredo | In some countries, the number 10 54 is called a nonillion. |
| 10 33 | Decillion | Una and Revo | In some countries, the number 10 60 is called a decillion. |
12
- Dozen(from French douzaine or Italian dozzina, which in turn came from Latin duodecim.)
A measure of piece counting of homogeneous objects. Widely used before the introduction of the metric system. For example, a dozen scarves, a dozen forks. 12 dozen make a gross. The word “dozen” was mentioned for the first time in Russian in 1720. It was originally used by sailors.
13
- Baker's dozen
The number is considered unlucky. Many Western hotels do not have rooms numbered 13, and office buildings do not have 13 floors. There are no seats with this number in opera houses in Italy. On almost all ships, after the 12th cabin there is the 14th.
144 - Gross- “big dozen” (from German Gro? - big)
A counting unit equal to 12 dozen. It was usually used when counting small haberdashery and stationery items - pencils, buttons, writing pens, etc. A dozen gross makes a mass.
1728 - Weight
Mass (obsolete) - a measure equal to a dozen gross, i.e. 144 * 12 = 1728 pieces. Widely used before the introduction of the metric system.
666
or 616
- Number of the beast
A special number mentioned in the Bible (Revelation 13:18, 14:2). It is assumed that in connection with the assignment of a numerical value to the letters of ancient alphabets, this number can mean any name or concept, the sum of the numerical values of the letters of which is 666. Such words could be: "Lateinos" (meaning in Greek everything Latin; suggested by Jerome ), "Nero Caesar", "Bonaparte" and even "Martin Luther". In some manuscripts the number of the beast is read as 616.
10 4 or 10 6 - Myriad - "innumerable multitude"
Myriad - the word is outdated and practically not used, but the word "myriads" - (astronomer) is widely used, which means an uncountable, uncountable multitude of something.
Myriad was the largest number for which the ancient Greeks had a name. However, in his work "Psammit" ("Calculus of grains of sand"), Archimedes showed how to systematically construct and name arbitrarily large numbers. Archimedes called all the numbers from 1 to the myriad (10,000) the first numbers, he called the myriad of myriads (10 8) the unit of second numbers (dimyriad), he called the myriad of myriads of second numbers (10 16) the unit of third numbers (trimyriad), etc. .
10 000
- dark
100 000
- legion
1 000 000
- Leodr
10 000 000
- raven or corvid
100 000 000
- deck
The ancient Slavs also loved large numbers and were able to count to a billion. Moreover, they called such an account a “small account.” In some manuscripts, the authors also considered the “great count”, reaching the number 10 50. About numbers greater than 10 50 it was said: “And more than this cannot be understood by the human mind.” The names used in the “small count” were transferred to the “great count”, but with a different meaning. So, darkness no longer meant 10,000, but a million, legion - the darkness of those (a million millions); leodre - legion of legions - 10 24, then it was said - ten leodres, one hundred leodres, ..., and, finally, one hundred thousand those legion of leodres - 10 47; leodr leodrov -10 48 was called the raven and, finally, the deck -10 49 .
10 140 - Asankhey I (from Chinese asentsi - innumerable)
Mentioned in the famous Buddhist treatise Jaina Sutra, dating back to 100 BC. It is believed that this number is equal to the number of cosmic cycles required to achieve nirvana.
Google(from English googol) - 10 100 , that is, one followed by one hundred zeros.
The “googol” was first written about in 1938 in the article “New Names in Mathematics” in the January issue of the journal Scripta Mathematica by the American mathematician Edward Kasner. According to him, it was his nine-year-old nephew Milton Sirotta who suggested calling the large number a “googol”. This number became generally known thanks to the search engine named after it. Google. Note that " Google" - This trademark, A googol - number.
Googolplex(English googolplex) 10 10 100 - 10 to the power of googol.
The number was also invented by Kasner and his nephew and means one with a googol of zeros, that is, 10 to the power of a googol. This is how Kasner himself describes this “discovery”:
Words of wisdom are spoken by children at least as often as by scientists. The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner\"s nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely, 1 with a hundred zeros after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "Googolplex." A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out.
Mathematics and the Imagination (1940) by Kasner and James R. Newman.
Skewes number(Skewes` number) - Sk 1 e e e 79 - means e to the power of e to the power of e to the power of 79.
It was proposed by J. Skewes in 1933 (Skewes. J. London Math. Soc. 8, 277-283, 1933.) in proving the Riemann hypothesis concerning prime numbers. Later, Riele (te Riele, H. J. J. "On the Sign of the Difference П(x)-Li(x)." Math. Comput. 48, 323-328, 1987) reduced the Skuse number to e e 27/4, which is approximately equal to 8.185 10 370 .
Second Skewes number- Sk 2
It was introduced by J. Skuse in the same article to denote the number up to which the Riemann hypothesis does not hold. Sk 2 is equal to 10 10 10 10 3 .
As you understand, the more degrees there are, the more difficult it is to understand which number is greater. For example, looking at Skewes numbers, without special calculations, it is almost impossible to understand which of these two numbers is larger. Thus, for super-large numbers it becomes inconvenient to use powers. Moreover, you can come up with such numbers (and they have already been invented) when the degrees of degrees simply do not fit on the page. Yes, that's on the page! They won’t fit even into a book the size of the entire Universe!
In this case, the question arises of how to write them down. The problem, as you understand, is solvable, and mathematicians have developed several principles for writing such numbers. True, every mathematician who wondered about this problem came up with his own way of writing, which led to the existence of several, unrelated to each other, methods for writing numbers - these are the notations of Knuth, Conway, Steinhouse, etc.
Hugo Stenhouse notation(H. Steinhaus. Mathematical Snapshots, 3rd edn. 1983) is quite simple. Steinhaus (German: Steihaus) proposed writing large numbers inside geometric figures - triangle, square and circle.
Steinhouse came up with super-large numbers and called the number 2 in a circle - Mega, 3 in a circle - Medzone, and the number 10 in a circle is Megiston.
Mathematician Leo Moser modified Stenhouse's notation, which was limited by the fact that if it was necessary to write numbers much larger than megiston, difficulties and inconveniences arose, since it was necessary to draw many circles one inside the other. Moser suggested that after the squares, draw not circles, but pentagons, then hexagons, and so on. He also proposed a formal notation for these polygons so that numbers could be written without drawing complex pictures. Moser notation looks like this:
- "n triangle" = nn = n.
- "n squared" = n = "n in n triangles" = nn.
- "n in a pentagon" = n = "n in n squares" = nn.
- n = "n in n k-gons" = n[k]n.
In Moser's notation, Steinhouse's mega is written as 2, and megiston as 10. Leo Moser proposed calling a polygon with the number of sides equal to mega - megagon. He also proposed the number “2 in Megagon”, that is, 2. This number became known as Moser number(Moser`s number) or just like Moser. But the Moser number is not the largest number.
The largest number ever used in mathematical proof is the limit known as Graham number(Graham's number), first used in 1977 in the proof of one estimate in Ramsey's theory. It is related to bichromatic hypercubes and cannot be expressed without a special 64-level system of special mathematical symbols introduced by D. Knuth in 1976.
Have you ever thought how many zeros there are in one million? This is a pretty simple question. What about a billion or a trillion? One followed by nine zeros (1000000000) - what is the name of the number?
A short list of numbers and their quantitative designation
- Ten (1 zero).
- One hundred (2 zeros).
- One thousand (3 zeros).
- Ten thousand (4 zeros).
- One hundred thousand (5 zeros).
- Million (6 zeros).
- Billion (9 zeros).
- Trillion (12 zeros).
- Quadrillion (15 zeros).
- Quintilion (18 zeros).
- Sextillion (21 zeros).
- Septillion (24 zeros).
- Octalion (27 zeros).
- Nonalion (30 zeros).
- Decalion (33 zeros).
Grouping of zeros
1000000000 - what is the name of a number that has 9 zeros? This is a billion. For convenience, large numbers are usually grouped into sets of three, separated from each other by a space or punctuation marks such as a comma or period.
This is done to make the quantitative value easier to read and understand. For example, what is the name of the number 1000000000? In this form, it’s worth straining a little and doing the math. And if you write 1,000,000,000, then the task immediately becomes visually easier, since you need to count not zeros, but triples of zeros.
Numbers with a lot of zeros
The most popular are million and billion (1000000000). What is the name of a number that has 100 zeros? This is a Googol number, so called by Milton Sirotta. This is a wildly huge amount. Do you think this number is large? Then what about a googolplex, a one followed by a googol of zeros? This figure is so large that it is difficult to come up with a meaning for it. In fact, there is no need for such giants, except to count the number of atoms in the infinite Universe.
Is 1 billion a lot?
There are two measurement scales - short and long. Around the world in science and finance, 1 billion is 1,000 million. This is on a short scale. According to it, this is a number with 9 zeros.
There is also a long scale that is used in some European countries, including France, and was formerly used in the UK (until 1971), where a billion was 1 million million, that is, a one followed by 12 zeros. This gradation is also called the long-term scale. The short scale is now predominant in financial and scientific matters.
Some European languages, such as Swedish, Danish, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, German, use billion (or billion) in this system. In Russian, a number with 9 zeros is also described for the short scale of a thousand million, and a trillion is a million million. This avoids unnecessary confusion.
Conversational options
In Russian colloquial speech after the events of 1917 - the Great October Revolution - and the period of hyperinflation in the early 1920s. 1 billion rubles was called “limard”. And in the dashing 1990s, a new slang expression “watermelon” appeared for a billion; a million were called “lemon.”
The word "billion" is now used internationally. This is a natural number, which is represented in the decimal system as 10 9 (one followed by 9 zeros). There is also another name - billion, which is not used in Russia and the CIS countries.
Billion = billion?
A word such as billion is used to designate a billion only in those states in which the “short scale” is adopted as a basis. These are countries such as the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the USA, Canada, Greece and Turkey. In other countries, the concept of a billion means the number 10 12, that is, one followed by 12 zeros. In countries with a “short scale”, including Russia, this figure corresponds to 1 trillion.
Such confusion appeared in France at a time when the formation of such a science as algebra was taking place. Initially, a billion had 12 zeros. However, everything changed after the appearance of the main manual on arithmetic (author Tranchan) in 1558), where a billion is already a number with 9 zeros (a thousand millions).
For several subsequent centuries, these two concepts were used on an equal basis with each other. In the mid-20th century, namely in 1948, France switched to a long scale numerical naming system. In this regard, the short scale, once borrowed from the French, is still different from the one they use today.
Historically, the United Kingdom used the long-term billion, but since 1974 official UK statistics have used the short-term scale. Since the 1950s, the short-term scale has been increasingly used in the fields of technical writing and journalism, although the long-term scale still persists.
For ease of reading and memorizing large numbers, numbers are divided into so-called “classes”: on right separate three digits (first class), then three more (second class), etc. The last class can have three, two or one digits. There is usually a small gap left between classes. For example, the number 35461298 is written as 35,461,298. Here 298 are first class, 461 are second class, 35 are third class. Each of the digits of a class is called its digit; The counting of digits also goes on the right. For example, in the first class 298, the number 8 is the first digit, 9 is the second, 2 is the third. The last class can have three, two ranks (in our example: 5 is the first rank, 3 is the second) or one.
The first class gives the number of units, the second - thousands, the third - millions; Accordingly, the number 35,461,298 is read: thirty-five million four hundred sixty-one thousand two hundred ninety-eight. Therefore they say that a unit of the second class is a thousand; third class unit - million.
Table, Names of large numbers
| 1 = 10 0 | one |
| 10 = 10 1 | ten |
| 100 = 10 2 | one hundred |
| 1 000 = 10 3 | thousand |
| 10 000 = 10 4 | |
| 100 000 = 10 5 | |
| 1 000 000 = 10 6 | million |
| 10 000 000 = 10 7 | |
| 100 000 000 = 10 8 | |
| 1 000 000 000 = 10 9 | billion (billion) |
| 10 000 000 000 = 10 10 | |
| 100 000 000 000 = 10 11 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 = 10 12 | trillion |
| 10 000 000 000 000 = 10 13 | |
| 100 000 000 000 000 = 10 14 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 15 | quadrillion |
| 10 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 16 | |
| 100 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 17 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 18 | quintillion |
| 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 19 | |
| 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 20 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 21 | sextillion |
| 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 22 | |
| 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 23 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 24 | seplillion |
| 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 25 | |
| 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 26 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 27 | octillion |
| 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 28 | |
| 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 29 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 30 | quintillion |
| 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 31 | |
| 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 32 | |
| 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 33 | decillion |
A unit of the fourth class is called a billion, or, otherwise, a billion (1 billion = 1000 million).
The fifth class unit is called a trillion (1 trillion = 1000 billion or 1000 billion).
Units of sixth, seventh, eighth, etc. classes (each of which is 1000 times larger than the previous one) are called quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, septillion, etc.
Example: 12,021,306,200,000 reads: twelve trillion twenty-one billion three hundred six million two hundred thousand.
Continue the number: million, billion, trillion... and then as many as possible and got the best answer
Reply from Ђig@[guru]
A billion - less commonly called a billion - is one followed by nine zeros. Trillion is also used - a unit followed by twelve zeros. The names of even larger numbers are little known, and to save space they are designated and pronounced as a power of 10. For example, ten to the twenty-fourth power. But some giant numbers have names: 10*5-quadrillion, 10*18-quintillion, 10*24-sextillion, 10*27-octillion...
The American mathematician Kastner invented the “largest number” and called it “googol”. This is a one followed by a hundred zeros! That is, 10*100. Although the natural series of numbers is infinite, still, to a certain extent, the googol is the boundary of the countable world.
But there is also a one and a googol of zeros - a googolplex.
NameNumber
Unit10 *0
Ten10 *1
One hundred10 *2
Thousand10* 3
Million10 *6
Billion10 *9
Trillion10 *12
Quadrillion10 *15
Quintillion10 *18
Sextillion10 *21
Septillion10 *24
Octillion10 *27
Nonillion10 *30
Decillion10 *33
undecillion 10*36
Answer from User deleted[guru]
one hundred thousand billion
Answer from Anya Belyaeva[guru]
something with the billiards.... I don’t remember exactly.... or billiards...
Answer from Gorechenkov Pavel[guru]
Well, in general, in such cases they use n*10^m =) well, then the next step is probably a trillion....
Answer from Igor komukak[guru]
Quartlion, pentlion, sextlion, septlion, octlion, nonlion, declion. You've had enough, dear one, for now.
Answer from Vanya XXX[guru]
quadrillion, sixillion... I know for sure the most recent number derived by mathematicians... this is a pentillion... 1 with 600 zeros...
Answer from V G[guru]
thousand | Million | Billion | Billion | Trillion... | ... Centillion | Zillion
Answer from Denis[guru]
sexagintillion - cool
Answer from Diesel Old[guru]
in some countries, in America for example, the numbers after a million do not match in name, they differ by a factor of 1000. Therefore, it is best to express it numerically - n multiplied by 10 to the power of m.
Answer from Wow wow[newbie]
download grand theft auto 5
Answer from Ivan Ivan Savenko[newbie]
NameNumberUnit10 *0Ten10 *1Hundred10 *2Thousand10* 3Million10 *6Billion10 *9Trillion10 *12Quadrillion10 *15Quintillion10 *18Sextillion10 *21Septillion10 *24Octillion10 *27Nonillion10 *30Decillion10 *3 3
Answer from Yotrotekhekspertiza[active]
Postman 10* 100
Answer from Sasha Ruchkin[newbie]
1e6 million1e9 billion1e12 trillion1e15 quadrillion1e18 quintillion1e21 sextillion1e24 septillion1e27 octillion1e30 nonillion1e33 decillion1e36 undecillion1e39 dodecillion1e42 tredecillion1e45 quatrodecillion1e48 quindecillion1 e51 sedecillion1e54 septdecillion1e57 octodecillion1e60 novemdecillion1e63 vigintillion1e66 unvigintillion1e69 dovigintillion1e72 trevigintillion1e75 quatrovigintillion1e78 quinvigintillion1e81 sexvigintillion1e84 septenvigintillion1e87 octovigintillion1e90 novemvigintillion1e93 trigintillion1e96 untrigintillion1e99 dotrigintillion1e102 tretrigintillion1e105 quatrotrigintillion1e108 quintrigintillion1e111 sextrigintillion1e114 septentrigintillion1e117 octotrigintillion1e 120 novemtrigintillion1e123 quadrogintillion1e126 unquadrogintillion1e129 doquadrogintillion1e132 trekquadrogintillion1e135 quatroquadrogintillion1e138 quinquadrogintillion1e141 sexquadrogintillion1e144 septquadrogintillion1e147 octaquadrogintillion1 e150 novemquadrogintillion1e153 quinquagintillion1e156 unquinquagintillion1e159 doquinquagintillion1e162 trekquinquagintillion1e165 quatroquinquagintillion1e168 quinquinquagintillion1e171 sexquinquagintillion1e174 septquinquagintillion1e177 octoquinquagintillion1e180 new emquinquagintillion1e183 sexagintillion1e186 unsexagintillion1e189 dosexagintillion1e192 tresexagintillion1e195 quatrosexagintillion1e198 quinsexagintillion1e201 sexsexagintillion1e204 septsexagintillion1e207 octosexagintillion1e2 10 novemsexagintillion1e213 septogintillion1e216 unseptogintillion1e219 doseptogintillion1e222 treseptogintillion1e225 quatroseptogintillion1e228 quinseptogintillion1e231 sexseptogintillion1e234 septoseptogintillion1e237 octosept ogintillion1e240 noveseptogintillion1e243 octogintillion1e246 unoctogintillion1e249 dooctogintillion1e252 trioctogintillion1e255 quatrooctogintillion1e258 quinoctogintillion1e261 sexoctogintillion1e264 septoctogintillion1e267 octooctogintillion1e270 novemoctogintillion1e273 nonagintillion1e276 unnonagintillion1e279 dononagintillion1e282 trenonagintillion1e285 quatrononagintillion1e288 quinnonagintillion1e291 sexnonagintillion1e294 septononagintillion1e 297 octononagintillion1e300 novemnonagintillion1e303 centillion1e307 uncentillion1e308-Google1e308-The limit of calculations for a Personal Computer and in general The maximum number is uncentillion and Google shows that only mathematicians will be able to come up with a continuation of these calculations and a million will already mean something like one penny and an uncentillion will be like 1 million now for billionaires, but for in the future there will be an uncentillion of us, like 1 million, although it is possible that by this time everyone will be tycoons
Answer from Zloy Kaban[newbie]
How many will it be in numbers - a fucking billion and a fucking quadrillion?
Answer from Vadim Shirshov[newbie]
trillion one
Back in the fourth grade, I was interested in the question: “What are numbers greater than a billion called? And why?” Since then, I have been looking for all the information on this issue for a long time and collecting it bit by bit. But with the advent of Internet access, searching has accelerated significantly. Now I present all the information I found so that others can answer the question: “What are large and very large numbers called?”
A little history
The southern and eastern Slavic peoples used alphabetical numbering to record numbers. Moreover, for the Russians, not all letters played the role of numbers, but only those that are in the Greek alphabet. A special “title” icon was placed above the letter indicating the number. At the same time, the numerical values of the letters increased in the same order as the letters in the Greek alphabet (the order of the letters of the Slavic alphabet was slightly different).
In Russia, Slavic numbering was preserved until the end of the 17th century. Under Peter I, the so-called “Arabic numbering” prevailed, which we still use today.
There were also changes in the names of numbers. For example, until the 15th century, the number "twenty" was written as "two tens" (two tens), but was then shortened for faster pronunciation. Until the 15th century, the number "forty" was denoted by the word "fourty", and in the 15th-16th centuries this word was replaced by the word "forty", which originally meant a bag in which 40 squirrel or sable skins were placed. There are two options about the origin of the word “thousand”: from the old name “thick hundred” or from a modification of the Latin word centum - “hundred”.
The name “million” first appeared in Italy in 1500 and was formed by adding an augmentative suffix to the number “mille” - a thousand (i.e., it meant “big thousand”), it penetrated into the Russian language later, and before that the same meaning in in Russian it was designated by the number "leodr". The word “billion” came into use only since the Franco-Prussian War (1871), when the French had to pay Germany an indemnity of 5,000,000,000 francs. Like "million," the word "billion" comes from the root "thousand" with the addition of an Italian magnifying suffix. In Germany and America for some time the word “billion” meant the number 100,000,000; This explains that the word billionaire was used in America before any of the rich people had $1,000,000,000. In the ancient (18th century) “Arithmetic” of Magnitsky, a table of the names of numbers is given, brought to the “quadrillion” (10^24, according to the system through 6 digits). Perelman Ya.I. in the book "Entertaining Arithmetic" the names of large numbers of that time are given, slightly different from today's: septillion (10^42), octalion (10^48), nonalion (10^54), decalion (10^60), endecalion (10^ 66), dodecalion (10^72) and it is written that “there are no further names.”
Principles for constructing names and a list of large numbers
All names of large numbers are constructed in a fairly simple way: at the beginning there is a Latin ordinal number, and at the end the suffix -million is added to it. An exception is the name "million" which is the name of the number thousand (mille) and the augmentative suffix -million. There are two main types of names for large numbers in the world:
system 3x+3 (where x is a Latin ordinal number) - this system is used in Russia, France, USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, Brazil, Greece
and the 6x system (where x is a Latin ordinal number) - this system is most common in the world (for example: Spain, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Poland, Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Finland). In it, the missing intermediate 6x+3 end with the suffix -billion (from it we borrowed billion, which is also called billion).
Below is a general list of numbers used in Russia:
| Number | Name | Latin numeral | Magnifying attachment SI | Diminishing prefix SI | Practical significance |
| 10 1 | ten | deca- | deci- | Number of fingers on 2 hands | |
| 10 2 | one hundred | hecto- | centi- | About half the number of all states on Earth | |
| 10 3 | thousand | kilo- | Milli- | Approximate number of days in 3 years | |
| 10 6 | million | unus (I) | mega- | micro- | 5 times the number of drops in a 10 liter bucket of water |
| 10 9 | billion (billion) | duo (II) | giga- | nano- | Estimated Population of India |
| 10 12 | trillion | tres (III) | tera- | pico- | 1/13 of Russia's gross domestic product in rubles for 2003 |
| 10 15 | quadrillion | quattor (IV) | peta- | femto- | 1/30 of the length of a parsec in meters |
| 10 18 | quintillion | quinque (V) | exa- | atto- | 1/18th of the number of grains from the legendary award to the inventor of chess |
| 10 21 | sextillion | sex (VI) | zetta- | ceto- | 1/6 of the mass of planet Earth in tons |
| 10 24 | septillion | septem (VII) | yotta- | yocto- | Number of molecules in 37.2 liters of air |
| 10 27 | octillion | octo (VIII) | nah- | sieve- | Half of Jupiter's mass in kilograms |
| 10 30 | quintillion | novem (IX) | dea- | threado- | 1/5 of all microorganisms on the planet |
| 10 33 | decillion | decem (X) | una- | revolution | Half the mass of the Sun in grams |
| Number | Name | Latin numeral | Practical significance |
| 10 36 | andecillion | undecim (XI) | |
| 10 39 | duodecillion | duodecim (XII) | |
| 10 42 | thredecillion | tredecim (XIII) | 1/100 of the number of air molecules on Earth |
| 10 45 | quattordecillion | quattuordecim (XIV) | |
| 10 48 | quindecillion | quindecim (XV) | |
| 10 51 | sexdecillion | sedecim (XVI) | |
| 10 54 | septemdecillion | septendecim (XVII) | |
| 10 57 | octodecillion | So many elementary particles on the Sun | |
| 10 60 | novemdecillion | ||
| 10 63 | vigintillion | viginti (XX) | |
| 10 66 | anvigintillion | unus et viginti (XXI) | |
| 10 69 | duovigintillion | duo et viginti (XXII) | |
| 10 72 | trevigintillion | tres et viginti (XXIII) | |
| 10 75 | quattorvigintillion | ||
| 10 78 | quinvigintillion | ||
| 10 81 | sexvigintillion | So many elementary particles in the universe | |
| 10 84 | septemvigintillion | ||
| 10 87 | octovigintillion | ||
| 10 90 | novemvigintillion | ||
| 10 93 | trigintillion | triginta (XXX) | |
| 10 96 | antigintillion |
-
...
- 10,100 - googol (the number was invented by the 9-year-old nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kasner)
- 10 123 - quadragintillion (quadraginta, XL)
- 10 153 - quinquagintillion (quinquaginta, L)
- 10 183 - sexagintillion (sexaginta, LX)
- 10,213 - septuagintillion (septuaginta, LXX)
- 10,243 - octogintillion (octoginta, LXXX)
- 10,273 - nonagintillion (nonaginta, XC)
- 10 303 - centillion (Centum, C)
Further names can be obtained either by direct or reverse order of Latin numerals (which is correct is not known):
- 10 306 - ancentillion or centunillion
- 10 309 - duocentillion or centullion
- 10 312 - trecentillion or centtrillion
- 10 315 - quattorcentillion or centquadrillion
- 10 402 - tretrigyntacentillion or centretrigyntillion
I believe that the second spelling would be the most correct, since it is more consistent with the construction of numerals in the Latin language and allows us to avoid ambiguities (for example, in the number trcentillion, which, according to the first spelling, is also 10 903 and 10,312).
